The Numerals. 17" 



compared are regarded on sufficient grounds as originally 

 the same. Their present differences are accounted for by — 1, 

 phonetic change and decay ; 2, the attachment, or not, to 

 them in different dialects of the different demonstratives in 

 § 2, in some prefixed, in some postfixed, and in some both, 

 which demonstratives themselves both suffer and cause 

 phonetic change and decay ; and 3, these Oceanic numerals 

 having been reduced to writing by Europeans, allowance 

 has to be made for difference of ear, and of nationality (as 

 affecting the alphabet) of the writer. Also in what follows 

 Malagasy means the Ankova dialect, Madagascar any dialect 

 in the island, as Sumatra any dialect in Sumatra, and so 

 with other names of islands. 



§ 4. The first five numerals in the four branches of the 

 Oceanic family (for which see " The Personal Pronouns," § 1) 

 may be thus given : — 



Malagasy. Malay. 





Papuan 



(Fatese). 



Maori-Hawaiian 

 (Samoan). 



1 isa, iray, iraika sa, asa, 



satu 



sikei 



tasi 



2 roa duwa 





rua 



lua 



3 telo tiga 





tolu 



tolu 



4 efatra ampat 





bate 



fa 



5 dimy lima 





lima 



lima 



We shall take these in order : — 



1. The numeral 1 in Oceanic is in Sanguir hu, New Ire- 

 land kai, New Guinea keteh, Anudha kedha, Mysol kathn, 

 Santo mokeo, Mallicollo bokol, New Guinea mele, Pentecost 

 tual, Aneiteum ethi, Kisa ita, Tanna liti, riti, kadi, Ero- 

 manga sai, Tirnuri aida, Savu aisa, Api saka, Mangarei 

 isaku, Java sigi, Api ta, tanga, New Guinea tika, dik, Mani- 

 toto nehi, New Guinea ose7% siri, ossa, Sumatra sa, sado, 

 sara, assa, satu, eso, Ceram san, Gilolo Tnoi, Tidore remoi. 



Now, bearing in mind that in the above r is for I, we see 

 that we have in these words for 1 simply the demonstratives 

 I, n, on, k, s (t, d), a (o, i, e), of § 2, sometimes single, but 

 usually two or more combined. 



2. The numeral 2, Samoan lua (luwa), consists of the 

 article I, and ua (uwa), 2. Thus in Tongan and Mallicollo 

 the word is ua without the article, as it is also very often in 

 Maori-Hawaiian when used with the personal pronouns to 

 form the dual pronoun. The article I appears in Fatese - 

 and Malagasy in this word as r, and in Malay as d^ so 

 Bisayan du/ia (for luha). 



