The Numerals. 29^ 



§ 14. The Numeral 10. 



1. In the Shemitic and Oceanic the word for 10 is a 

 word originally meaning the whole, the completion, com- 

 bination or sum, and then the same in reference to the 

 digits, that is, 10. For exceptions to this, see 6 below. 



2. The one word used for 10 in the literary Shemitic is 

 (asar, "combination") in Hebrew 'asar, Syriac 'sar, 10. This 

 in modern Arabic is found as asher and ash, and in Harar as 

 assir and asse. In Matabello soio is 10, but in terwahei 11, 

 ternoTua 12, teranrua 20, terantolu 30, the word for 10 is ter, 

 which is perhaps for ser, c£ Syriac 'sar, 10 ; compare Tem- 

 bora sarone, Mangarei tu7'Uj 10 ; and also, perhaps, Uea ach, 

 10, in the numerals 11-15. 



3. The common word for 10 in theRedSea group is in Shiho 

 tummun, tamura, tan, tun, in Danakil thuhhan, turn, and, 

 tunna, tuhhan, tun, Bishari tuinmun. This is the word 

 which is in Arabic tamam, " integer, completus numero," and 

 tarn, and turn, " perfectio, finis, complementum," the verb 

 being tamma, " totus, integer, perfectus" (Freytag) ; in fact, 

 it is probably the Arabic word. 



Fiji tini, Ceram tinein (tine-in), 10 (note the change of 

 m to n, as in the Red Sea group), are of the same origin as 

 the Arabic. 



4. The common Oceanic word for 10 is in Malay sapu- 

 ?^6/^,Samoan se/u^it, Malagasy folo, Philippines apalo, Sanguir 

 kapuToh, Salibabo mapuroh, Sula poha, Savu bo, Mysol lafu, 

 Matabello so z(; (for safu), Ceram opooloo, hutu, fotusa ( = 

 Malay halas), vuta, ocha, husa (with this compare Uea ach 

 in 2 above), Rotti hulu, Timuri nulu, Madagascar nel, Pome 

 awrah, Moor toverah, Seroci soerat, Ansoes hoera, Dasin 

 arisa, Papuan samfoor, Mindanao sanpoolu, Santo sinafulu, 

 sahulu, sanafuru, Marata tangafuru, Aoba hangafulu, 

 Mallicollo hangafulu, sangafur, sangaful, singeah, singab, 

 Ambrym sanghul, sangul, songapi, Santo ulatea (tea=l), 

 Pentecost siamnoh. In this word is clearly seen the dis- 

 guising effects mentioned in § 3 ; and it will be observed 

 that all the articles in § 2 are used with this word in the 

 examples just given. 



The Malay puluh, 10, compared with hulah, "the whole" 

 (Crawford, " Malay Diet."), and Tongan fulu, 10, compared 

 with fuli, " all, in number not mass, or quantity of bulk" 

 (Mariner, " Tongan Diet."), show that this word used for 10 

 originally meant " all," or " the whole," that is, the sum, then. 



