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implements, unquestionably manufactured, belong to the later 

 age, and the mere flakes of doubtful origin belong to the early, 

 or what is called the Paleolithic age. Both kinds of weapons 

 are found frequently in mounds, graves, tumuli, and other 

 works of ancient man, and both kinds are still used by certain 

 tribes in many parts of the world ; but flint flakes and articles 

 of the Paleolithic age are sometimes found in drift gravels, and 

 associated with the remains of extinct animals, thereby indi- 

 cating a remote antiquity for their origin, and, consequently, an 

 equally remote antiquity for man their supposed manufacturer. 

 Mr. Gray then described in detail the Swiss Lake dwellings, 

 the Irish Crannoges, the Danish kitchen heaps, and the mounds 

 of Scotland, and explained the classifications of the various 

 remains found in them. He explained that the antiquity of 

 man, as proved by the Swiss Lake dwellings and Danish 

 kitchen heaps, rested upon certain changes that had taken place 

 on the earth's surface since the deposition of the remains 

 recently discovered ; but contended that those changes may 

 have taken place within the generally-received chronology. 



The ossiferous caverns were next described as they occur in 

 various parts of the world, including Ballintoy, Rathlin, and 

 Carrickarede, in the County of Antrim. Mr. Gray described 

 more particularly the caves of Devonshire and Dorset, examined 

 by himself, and also the caves of the South of France and 

 Belgium. In some of these caves a vast quantity of the re- 

 mains of extinct animals are found, and in some cases the bones 

 of man. Man's bones, and the undoubted evidence of his 

 handiwork, are only in questionable association with the extinct 

 mammalia ; they are not mixed with them, but rest upon them, 

 and may not, therefore, be of the same age, more particularly 

 as the contents of those caverns are admitted to have been 

 washed into them by rivers, &c. Flint flakes are, however, 

 found intermingled with the bones of the lion, elephant, hip- 

 popotamus, hyena, wolf, and other animals, in the caves and drift 

 gravels, but the human origin of the flakes must be first proved, 

 and then that they were contemporary with the extinct ani- 

 mals, before any theory of man's remote antiquity is rendered 

 acceptable. Mr. Gray protested against the inferences frequently 



