EXTENT OF GIPSY-MOTH PARASITISM ABROAD. 123 



pupa, and until the moth would naturally have emerged had the 

 pupa remained healthy and unparasitized. 



It will be noted that the parasites not designated by the asterisks, 

 and which are therefore to be considered as of some importance in 

 effecting the control of the moth, form, when taken together, a perfect 

 sequence, and that every stage of the moth from the newly deposited 

 egg to the pupa is subjected to attack. It is furthermore of interest 

 to note in this connection that, so far as may be determined from the 

 scanty information available, all of these parasites are present in more 

 or less efficient abundance within a limited area in the vicinity of 

 Tokyo, from which a part, and presumably the greater part, of the 

 material was collected for exportation. 



PARASITISM OF THE GIPSY MOTH IN RUSSIA. 



The earliest first-hand knowledge of the gipsy moth and its para- 

 sites in Russia was secured as the result of the visit paid to that 

 country by the senior author in the spring of 1907. Through his 

 instrumentality several of the Russian entomologists were interested 

 in the parasite-introduction work to such a practical extent as to 

 collect or cause to be collected and forwarded to America several 

 small and a few large shipments of the eggs, caterpillars, and pupae 

 of both the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth. The difficulties 

 attending the importation of material from Russia proved to be con- 

 siderably more real and less easily surmountable than those which 

 were so successfully overcome in the instance of the Japanese ship- 

 ments, and for the most part the Russian material was of more interest 

 from a technical than from an economic standpoint by the time it 

 arrived at the laboratory. 



From a technical standpoint it was exceedingly interesting and 

 valuable, since there were found to be present in the boxes of young 

 gipsy-moth caterpillars the cocoons of several species of hymenop- 

 terous parasites which had either not been received from other sources 

 or which were not known to be sufficiently abundant in any other 

 part of Europe to make possible their collection in large quantities. 

 Prof. Kincaid's successful prosecution of the Japanese work encour- 

 aged his selection as the best and most experienced agent available 

 for the decidedly more difficult proposition of visiting Russia and 

 attempting to secure an adequate supply of the several species of 

 parasites which could only be secured in that country to advantage, 

 so far as could be determined from the information then at hand. 



The manner in which he was impressed by the gipsy-moth situa- 

 tion which he encountered there is best described in the following 

 extracts from his letters, in the course of which occasional compari- 

 sons are made between Russian and Japanese conditions. 



