198 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. 



In 1910 additional importations were made from Japan, and a large 

 number of healthy adults was liberated sufficiently early in the season 

 to allow for one generation upon the gipsy moth. As in 1909, cocoon 

 masses were found in the vicinity of these colonies about three weeks 

 after their establishment. 



An attempt will be made in 1911 to import enough cocoons from 

 Russia to make possible a strong colony of the European race. It is 

 possible that it would succeed here when the Japanese would fail, 

 and on the chance the experiment is undertaken. 



Secondary Parasites Attacking Apanteles fulvipes. 



It is safe to say that a better opportunity for an intensive study of 

 the parasites of any one host which was itself a parasite has never been 

 afforded than has come about at the laboratory in the case of the 

 parasites of Apanteles fulvipes. 



Hundreds of thousands of the cocoons of the primary parasite were 

 collected in Japan after they had been exposed to attack by the sec- 

 ondaries, and, so far as can be judged, the latter stood the ordeal of 

 the journey to America better than did the primary. Even in those 

 shipments which were just a few days too long en route and in which 

 the Apanteles themselves had all issued and died before their receipt 

 the secondaries had hardly begun to issue. These, as well as the 

 numerous shipments which were received in better condition, in so far 

 as Apanteles was concerned, have produced many thousands of sec- 

 ondary parasites, which have all been carefully preserved, but not, as 

 yet, carefully studied. It is not even known how many species are 

 represented in the assortment, which includes a considerable number 

 of undescribed forms, but apparently there are at least 30, and prob- 

 ably more, from Japan alone. Some are very rare, and are repre- 

 sented by but a few individuals among the thousands which have been 

 reared. Others are common at times, and rare or absent at others. 

 Some few are generally common, and practically always present. 



The considerable shipments of cocoons which were collected in 

 Russia by Prof. Kincaid and forwarded to the laboratory in 1909 

 were invariably so long en route as to permit the Apanteles to issue 

 and die, but, as in the case of the Japanese shipments, the secondary 

 parasites did not suffer. Not nearly so much material of this sort 

 has been received from European sources, and probably on that 

 account alone the variety of secondary parasites reared has not been 

 so large. Nevertheless, more than 20 species have been recog- 

 nized and probably at least 25 have been reared in varying abund- 

 ance. 



A good many of these secondary parasites have a very close resem- 

 blance to those which have been reared from the Japanese material. 



