304 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. 



practicable. It was colonized together with Zygoboihria nidicola, 

 Pales pavida, and Zenillia libatrix, in about the same numbers in 

 1906 and 1907, and, like the two last named, it is hoped to recover 

 it in 1911. It is also hoped to import and liberate a much larger 

 number than hitherto during that year. 



Cyclotophrys anser Towns. 



Mr. Townsend described this species as new from specimens reared 

 in 1908 from brown-tail moth material received from the Crimea. 

 It has not been detected in shipments of similar character from any 

 other locality in sufficient numbers to indicate it as being an important 

 parasite, nor have enough been received from the Crimea to make 

 possible its colonization. It is hoped that this may be done in the 

 course of the year 1911. 



It is one of the relatively few species of tachinids attacking the 

 larvae of the brown-tail moth which deposit large, flattened eggs 

 upon the body of the host caterpillars. 



Blepharidea vulgaris Fall. 



This is almost the only tachinid parasite of either the gipsy moth 

 or the brown-tail moth which is of no apparent importance in con- 

 nection with either host and which at the same time has been reared 

 a sufficient number of times to make its host relationship reasonably 

 certain. The few specimens which have been received have mostly 

 come from various parts of the German Empire. Very little is 

 known of its life and habits, and it is not considered as being of 

 sufficient importance to warrant further investigation. 



PARASITES OF THE PTJPJE OF THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH. 



By far the most important of the parasites of the pupse of the 

 brown-tail moth in Europe appears to be Monodontomerus, an account 

 of which has already been given in the discussion of the parasites of 

 the gipsy moth. It is more frequently reared in connection with the 

 brown-tail moth than with the gipsy moth, and some of the ship- 

 ments of cocoons have produced it in extraordinary numbers. 



Theronia, also mentioned as a parasite of the gipsy moth, is about 

 the next in importance, but the European T. atalantx Poda is no 

 more frequently reared than the American T. fulvescens Cress. 



The same species of Pimpla already mentioned as parasites of the 

 gipsy moth in Europe attack the brown-tail moth as well. Like 

 Theronia and Monodontomerus, they are more frequently encountered 

 in this connection than in the other. 



No species of Chalcis has been reared from any European material 

 received to date, and in this respect the parasitism of the pupa of 





