32 OSBORN. 



tJicrium inciskmnioi Eppelsheim succeeds the^^. tetradactyhiiii of 

 Sansan ; the above are dolichocephalic rhinoceroses, possibly an- 

 cestral to Elasmotherium ; R. scJilcicvDiachcri possibly is a very 

 large successor of R. sansaniensis ; R. goldfussi (Eppelsheim), a 

 successor of R. hracJiypiis of la Grive-Saint-Alban ; R. hlanfordi 

 (Maragha) also represents the short skulled or brachy cephalic 

 race ; R. pacliygiiatluis is probably an African immigrant. Dino- 

 tJicriinn gigantcuvi replaces D. bavariciim. So throughout the 

 Mammalia, besides numerous newly introduced forms, such as 

 PlioJiyrax and Oryctcropiis, there is a marked evolution beyond 

 the upper Miocene types. 



2. Plaisancien, Lower Pliocene 



As this is chiefly a marine phase the terrestrial mammalian 

 fauna is unknown except in the lignites of Casino (Tuscany) at 

 its base ; these are equivalent to the Couches sainndtrcs a con- 

 geries, according to Deperet, and Lapparent. Here are found 

 Hipp avion gracilc, Sus eryniantliius, An til ope massoni, Tapinis 

 priscus, Semnopitliecus nionspessidanus and other lower Pliocene 

 types. This is the * pliocene inferieure ' of Gaudry, Deperet and 

 others who have maintained the upper Miocene age of Pikermi. 

 Upon a somewhat higher level than Casino are the following 

 marine formations of England in which many cetacean and a few 

 terrestrial types occur ; the parallels are : 



Coralline Crag (Suffolk), marine, containing Mastodon, Rhino- 

 ceros. Red Crag, inferior or Nodule Beds, Marine, containing 

 a fauna equivalent to that of the Astien stage in part. 



3. Astien, Middle Pliocene 



This stage contains the * faune pliocene ancienne ' of Deperet, 

 or the ' older pleiocene fauna ' of certain English authors who 

 have not recognized Pikermi as the typical older Pliocene. 

 Typical localities are the following : 



Roiisillon. Sables sillicieux gris (25 metres), fluvio-lacustrine, fauna very 



similar to that of Montpelier. 

 Montpelier infer. Sables jaunes marins (50 metres), described by Gaudry and 



representing the Plaisancien faunal stage in part. 



