40 OSBORN. 



b. Loiver Mid-Pleistocene. First Intei'glacial Period [Eiephas 

 trogo}itherii) Middle Stage, Pohlig. 



This stage marks the recurrence of a 7Jiore temperate climate, 

 first observed by Lyell and Evans in England and abundantly 

 known in Germany and France. Two only of the characteris- 

 tic Pliocene species recur, Hippopotamus amphibiiis, and Elcplias 

 antiqints. These alone have been universally cited as evidence 

 of a south temperate climate but the more numerous northern 

 types still living which are found in this stage constitute still 

 stronger proofs of a nortJi temperate climate. 



Geologically the deposits are of fluviatile origin, consisting of 

 river sands and gravels containing Hippopotanuis, R/unoceros 

 merckii and Elephas trogontherii. TrogontJieriiiin ciivicri makes 

 its last appearance here. 



GeograpJucally the southern continental depression has not 

 begun and the Lower Pleistocene land bridges persisted. 

 Parallel faunae are those of Essex (Ilford, Grays Thurrock, 

 Clacton) and Kent (Erith and Crayfo^d) fully hsted by Dawkins 

 ('80, p. 397 ; '94, p. 243) and Woodward ('83). In Germany 

 the typical fauna is that of Mosbach (Lepsius, '92, p. 652). 



The Mosbach and Essex faunae give the following results : 

 4 Pliocene species, (including two living types) ; 

 7 Pleistocene species, now extinct ; 

 16 Living species (including 2 Pliocene species). 



The characteristic Pleistocene species which are first recorded 

 in Mosbach are Cerviis megaceros, Cervns {Alces^ latifrons^ C. 

 elaphus typiis, C. Capreohis typhis, Felis spelcea, Ursiis spelceiis, 

 Bos taiirus, Bison prisons ; in Essex, Cervus (Megaceros) bel- 

 grandi, HycEna spelcea. Among the living species recorded for 

 the first time or making their first appearance at this stage are 

 Rangifer tarandns, S21S scrofa, Eqnns caballns, Felis lynx, Meles 

 taxus, Arctomys marmotta. The Essex Fauna is fuller but al- 

 though of more southern latitude is not of more southern type, 

 including the northern and north temperate forms Felis catns, 

 Canis ( Vidpes^ alopex, Canis Inpns, 'Ursns ferox, Ursns arctos, 

 Lntra hitra. 



