34 [Proc. B.N.F.C., 



names of the people. Thus Gogh, which means red, became 

 the common name Gough ; Vaghan, which means little, became 

 the common name Vaughan ; Tew, which means fat, still exists 

 in Tew and Tow as a surname ; Gwyn or Wynne, meaning white, 

 are well known existing names, and all these and many more 

 Welsh names are to be found at present in this county. 



Fixed surnames were not introduced into Wales until compara- 

 tively late times. In Henry the Seventh's time they were a rare 

 exception. Lower quotes from a play, printed as late as 1600, 

 an instance of Welsh nomenclature, which is very amusing : — 



Judge, What bail ? What sureties ? 



Davy. Her Cozen ap Rice ap Evan ap Morice ap Morgan ap Llewellyn 

 ap Madoc ap Meredith ap Griffin ap Davis ap Owen ap Shinken Jones. 

 Judge. Two of the most sufficient are enow. 

 Sheriff. An't please your lordship these are all but one. 



The Ap, which was originally Map, is the Welsh form oiMac. 

 The P in Welsh being represented, strangely enough, very often 

 by the Irish C. This prefix causes frequently a modification of 

 the name before which it comes by combining with it, thus forming 

 an apparently entirely new name. In this manner, Ap Owen has 

 become Bowen ; Ap Ithel, Bithel and Bethel ; Ap Evan, Bevan ; 

 Ap Howel, Powel; Ap Harry, Parry; Ap Richard, Prichard and 

 Uprichard ; Ap Hugh, Pugh ; Ap Rys, Price ; Ap Rosser, Prosser ; 

 Ap Einion, Beinion ; Ap Heilyn, Peilyn ; Ap Oyskin, Poyskin. 

 The genitive case in "S" is another later mode used among the 

 Welsh to designate the descendants of any given name. Thus, 

 Richards, Jones, Owens, Williams, are very common Welsh 

 surnames. 



It now remains to notice the mode of name-giving employed 

 by the non-Celtic people who dwelt within an accessible distance 

 of this island. The earliest form of surname in use among the 

 Saxons of England (to begin with them), and still to be found 

 in Friesland, was the father's name with the addition of the 

 syllable ing to. express son; thus Ceonred Ceolwalding, Conrad 

 the son of Ceolvyild ; Ceolwald Cuthwinning, i.e., Ceolwald the son 



