70 



Ridley ; O'Donnel into Daniel ; O'Sullivan into Silvan and Silvers ; 

 Mac Carty into Carter ; Mac Mahon is rendered Matthews ; Mac 

 Cawell is Anglicised Campbell, or Howell, or even Caulfield > 

 O'Heraghty has been in some places changed into Harrington ; 

 O'Shaughnessey is changed in Limerick into Sandys; O'Brollaghan 

 is made Bradley ; in Leitrim, O'Fergus has become Ferguson ; in 

 Ulster generally Mac Teige has become Montague ; O'Molloghan 

 has been changed to Molyneux ; O'Cairellan to Carleton ; Mac 

 Shane to Johnston ; O'Gneeve to Agnew ; Mac Riabghaid, a clan 

 name in Fermanagh, successively into M'Areavy, M'Greavy, and 

 Gray ; O'Linchy to Lynch ; Mac Rannal, in Connaught, is changed 

 to Reynolds ; O'Mulfover to Milford ; Mac Firbis to Forbes ; 

 CfSesnan, in Munster, is changed to Sexton; O'Sewill to Walker; 

 Mac Reachtagain to Rafter; Mac Dunley to Dunlop ; O'Dorcy 

 has been changed into the Anglo-Norman Darcy ; O'Mullaville 

 has been made Lavelle in Connaught, and in Ulster into Mac 

 Paul ; O'Dubhlaine is made Delaney. These changes in many 

 cases may be simply the result of a natural process. We have 

 many instances of Scotch and Welsh names being similarly meta- 

 morphosed ; for instance, the Welsh names, Ap John into Jones ; 

 Ap Richard into Uprichard and Pritchard ; Ap 'Robert into 

 Probert and Roberts ; Ap Gwilliam into Williams ; Ap Rody into 

 Brody ; Ap Hugh into Pugh. The Scotch names — M 'Cooke into 

 Cooke ; M'Hendry into Henry ; Mac Gregor into Greer and 

 Grierson. An act of 1693 forbade on pain of death the clan Mac 

 Gregor from calling themselves by their name. These changes, 

 arising from whatever cause, render the investigation of the distri- 

 bution of races in Ireland from the existing surnames a very 

 difficult problem. 



There was no great attempt to' subjugate Ireland, as I said 

 before, from the time of Richard II. until the 39th year of 

 Elizabeth's reign. It was then that Devereux, Earl of Essex, 

 was sent into Ireland, and it was then that another effort was made 

 to colonise the country. The expedition of Essex was a com- 

 parative failure, yet some of the officers engaged in this campaign 

 became important men when the plantation of Ulster was begun in 



