1906-1907.] 519 



remnants of those that formerly spread far into the drift- 

 covered lowlands around their mountain chains. They had, 

 moreover, in Europe and North America widespread traces of 

 still larger and broader ice flows when these areas suffered 

 from what might be called continental glaciation. The plain 

 of Northern Germany, from the Baltic to the Saxon hills, was 

 thus cumbered with glacial drift, resting on surfaces that now- 

 adays persuaded them of the passage southernward of con- 

 tinuous ice. Whether such continental ice thrust out the 

 waters of a shallow sea, or whether it moved over dry land 

 previously dry, was of little moment in comparison with the 

 question of its extensive invasion of lands far from, its own 

 gathering ground. Some hints as to- the aspect and conditions 

 of the lowlands during such invasions might still be found on 

 the comparatively temperate margins of Spitzbergen, Alaska, 

 and Greenland. The enormous amount of material carried 

 within continental ice was especially impressed on observers in 

 Greenland, where practically no moraines appeared upon the 

 surface. This material was partly stratified by dragging move- 

 ments in the ice, and was re-arranged in fan deltas and drum- 

 lins by the swirls of water as the ice began to melt away. A 

 large part of their glacial deposits in Ireland must be ascribed 

 to continental glaciation. The facts of such glaciation in olden 

 times, notably those of the widespread Permian glaciation, 

 which was illustrated in the present lecture, threw them 

 farther and farther into the dark as to a cause for climatic 

 changes of such magnitude. (Applause.) 



Professor Cole's lecture was illuminated by a number of 

 very beautiful slides of ice-floes and glaciers from nearly all 

 parts of Europe, Africa, and America, and also striated rocks 

 from different parts of Ireland. 



Some discussion followed, in which Madame Christen, 

 Professor Gregg Wilson, Messrs. William Gray, M.R.I. A., R. 

 Welch, M.R.I. A., A. Milligan, and W. J. C. Tomlinson took 

 part. 



A vote of thanks to the lecturer, on the moticm of Professor 

 Wilson, seconded by Mr. R. Welch, was heartily passed. 



