ANIMAL PARASITES OP MAN. 



195 



As might be expected, the figures for temperate climates are not so 

 high. However, the following authors have reported an average of over 

 50 infections for each 100 persons examined : 



Authority. | Date. 



Country or place. 



Number 

 examined. 



Number of 

 infections. 



Per cent. 



Ciraa __ 



1893, 1896 



1896 

 1872-1877 

 1872-1875 



1893 



1892 





U10 

 486 

 '972 

 •>611 

 230 

 260 



87 

 371 

 717 

 437 

 140 

 143 



79.08 

 76.32 

 73.81 

 71.52 

 60.85 

 55 



Russia _ _ 



Kiel, Germany 



_ _do 









Griefswald - . . 

 Kostroma, Russia __ 







a Children. b Autopsy examinations. 



While it could not be argued, perhaps, from a comparison of statistics, 

 that the population of the Philippines is necessarily more generally 

 infected with animal parasites than the people of certain other localities 

 for which figures almost as high have been published, the fact remains- 

 that the average number of infections per 100 persons (186) found in 

 examining the 4,106 prisoners at Bilibid, is higher by over 40 than has 

 ever been definitely reported for any other country upon a number of 

 cases sufficiently large to be taken as a fair index to the prevalence of 

 animal parasites in the general population. 



PARASITES PRESENT. 



The infections represented at least fifteen genera and probably about 

 twenty species. The genera positively determined were the two hook- 

 worms, Necator and Agcliylostoma; the common "round worm," Ascaris; 

 the common whipworm, Trichuris ; the common pin or seat worm 

 Oxyuris; the worm of Cochin-China diarrhoea, Strongyloides ; the cestode 

 genera Tcenia and Hymenolepis ; the Japanese lung fluke, Paragonimusj 

 the Japanese liver fluke, Opisthorchis; the Japanese blood fluke, Schisto- 

 soma, and the four protozoal genera, Amaiba, Balantidium, Lainblia, and 

 Cercomonas; in addition, there were a number of undoubted infections in 

 which the identity of the parasites was not even generically determined. 



MULTIPLE INFECTIONS. 



Multiple infections were numerous, as is shown by the fact that 7,636 

 infections were distributed among the 3,447 infected prisoners, 'an average 

 of 222 infections to each 100 infected persons, or nearly 2.25 infections 

 per infected idividual. 



One thousand and sixty-seven, or slightly more than one-fourth of the prison- 

 ers examined, showed infection with one species of parasite only; of these single 

 infections, 428 were with hookworms, 384 with whipworms, and the remaining 

 255 with other species. 



