162 PROCEEDINGS OP THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [June 15, 



thick, from which blocks have been carried down into the water- 

 courses below. The top of the hill consists of nodular basalt. I 

 need not point out the resemblance which this locality, as described 

 by Benza, bears to a trap escarpment in the vicinity of Nagpur. In 

 the position of the sandstone and the shell-deposit, of the nodular 

 and the vesicular trap, including even the jaspideous and cherty 

 veins running through the latter, the two fossil sites are identical. 

 It is only in the fossils that any difference can be recognized. In 

 the one place they are lacustrine, in the other estuarine. Yet even 

 among the organic remains, as if to leave no doubt of the perfect 

 contemporaneousness of the two formations, there are species com- 

 mon to both. 



A similar outlier of trap has recently been brought to the notice 

 of the scientific world by the Hon. Walter Elliot at Kateru, 2 miles 

 N. of Rajamandri. About 400 or 500 yards from this hill quarries 

 have been opened, and the following section displayed : Black soil 

 3 feet ; trap-rock disintegrating 5 ft. ; deposit 6 ft. 9 in., consisting of 

 limestone with shells 1 ft. ; clay and gravel, and yellow clay and 

 sand 11 in. ; limestone 1 ft. ; clay and sand 4 in., which again is 

 underlain by a third layer of limestone of the same thickness as the 

 other two, resting on 2 ft. 4 in. of clay shale, white, yellow, purple, 

 &c. Under the deposit basalt with zeolites was penetrated to the 

 depth of 14 feet. The following is another section nearer the hill : 

 Basalt 12| ft. ; greenish unctuous indurated clay 2 ft. 8 in. ; fibrous 

 limestone 1± in.; highly crystallized limestone 3 ft., below which 

 was basalt/ In a third excavation the deposit was considerably 

 thicker, being made up of a greyish friable clay with shells 9 ft. 9 in., 

 more compact clay with larger shells 10 ft. with a base of crystallized 

 limestone as before. The crystallization of this limestone would 

 seem to be due to the underlying basalt, which on that supposition 

 must have been in a molten state subsequent to the deposition of 

 the calcareous bed, as I have endeavoured to prove in regard to the 

 rocks of Central India. The same inference is suggested by the 

 jasper at Pangadi, which occurs there, as at Nagpur, in the soft 

 amygdaloid immediately underneath the deposit, and is evidently 

 just a portion of the latter detached by intruding lava. None of 

 the quarries at Kateru seem to have been carried through the lower 

 basalt down to the sandstone ; but that arenaceous beds are present 

 may be warrantably concluded from their cropping out on the hill 

 at Dowleshwaram 4 miles S. of Rajamandri. For all my specimens 

 from Kateru I am indebted to the kindness of Capt. Stoddard of the 

 Madras Public Works Department, the same friend who examined 

 the Pangacft Hills for me on the former occasion. 



The few palseontological discoveries which have been made within 

 our own province have been in the south of it, not far from Man- 

 gali, the well-known locality for fossils of the sandstone. 



At Dongargaum, which is 14 miles a little E. of S. from Mangali, 

 there is an outlier of the trap, from under which come out yellow 

 calcareous strata passing downwards into sandstone. These strata 

 have furnished me with remains of Fishes, one of which consists of a 



