Fresh-iuater Fishes of South America. 433 



scales in young; posCdorsal region rounded. Scales small, slightly de- 

 ciduous, thin, and weakly ctenoid, the entire posterior margin ciliate. 



Anterior profile little if at all concave. Eye about equal to the snout, 

 4^ in the head, about 2^ in interorbital. 



Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to tip of adipose fin; 

 dorsal truncate, or some of the anterior rays somewhat produced. Anal 

 slightly emarginate. Pectorals reaching to ventrals, or somewhat 

 shorter; ventrals not to vent. 



Air-bladder extending past the origin of anal. 



Silvery on sides and below, iridescent bluish and greenish above. 



Head3i-3|; depth 2f-3. D. 11-13; A. 14-17.1 Lat. 1. 97-111. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



The following list of papers includes all or nearly all the works 

 on the fresh-water fishes of South America: 



Agassiz, L., '39. Selecta Genera et Species Piscium, quae in itinere per 



Brasiliam collegit J. B. de Spix. 1829. 

 Agassiz, Professor and Mrs. Louis. A Journey in Brazil. Boston, 



1868. 

 Artedi, p. , 1738. Bibliotheca Ichthyologica; Philosophia Ichthyologica; 

 Genera Piscium; Synonymia Piscium; Descriptiones Specierum 

 Piscium. 1738. 

 Baird and Girard, '54. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1854. 

 Bleeker, p., '58a. Ichthyologise Archipel. Indici Prodromus I., Silu- 

 roidei. 1858. 

 '62a. Descriptions de quelque especes nouvelles de Silures. Versl. 



en Mededeel. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, XIV. 1862. 

 '63a. Conspectus Generum Doradinorum. Nederlandsch Tijd- 



schrift voor de Dierkunde. Amsterdam, Vol. I., 1863. 

 '63b. Systema Silurorum Revisum. Id. 



'64a. Description des especes de Silures de Surinam conserveesaux 

 Musees de Leide et d'Amsterdam. 1864. 

 Bloch, M. E. Auslandische Fische. Berlin, 1785-95. 



1801. Systema Ichthyologiae, ed. Schneider. 

 BOCOURT, '68. Note sur les Poissonsde Genre Tetragonopterus, Mexique 



et Guatemala. Ann. Sci. Nat., IX., 1868. 

 BONNATERRE, 1788. Tableau Encyclopedique et Methodique des Trois 



Regnes de la Nature. Ichthyologie. 

 BOULENGER, G. A. , '87a. Description of new South American Chara- 



' One specimen from Lake Hyanuary has seventeen anal rays. 

 ANNALS N. y. ACAD. OF SCI., iVi Issued November, 1889. 



