1862.] 



HAKKNESS — PEEMIAN STEATA. 



205 



Maech 19, 1862. 



Elliot Square, Esq., Gresham House, London ; Ernest Shelley, 

 Esq., Avington House, "Winchester; Edward Komilly, Esq., 14 

 Stratton Street, Piccadilly ; The Eight Hon. Edward CardweU, Esq., 

 M.P., 74 Eaton Square; George W. Stevenson, Esq., C.E., F.S.A., 

 Halifax ; George W. Hemans, Esq., C.E., 32 Leinster Gardens, 

 Bayswater ; and Harvey Buchanan HoU, M.D., Woodgate, Malvern, 

 were elected Eellows. 



The following communications were read : — 



1. 071 the Sandstoistes and their associated Deposits in the Vale of 

 the Ede:n-, the CuMBEELAm) Plain-, and the South-east of Dum- 

 EELESSHiEE. By Profossor E. Haekness, E.E.S.L. & E., E.G.S. 



Contents. 



1. Introduction 



2. Section near Kirkby Stephen. 



3. Section from Great Ormside to 



Eomanfell. 



4. Country between Great Ormside 



and Penrith. 



5. Section W. from Penrith to Hart- 



side. 



6. Country North of Penrith. 



7. Sandstones of West Cumberland. 

 8- Sandstones of South-eastern Dum- 

 friesshire. 



9. Organic remains. 10. St. Bees. 



11. Scottish Permian Strata — their cha- 



racter and age. 



12. Conclusion. 



§ 1. This memoir refers to an area which commences a little south 

 of Kirkby Stephen, in Westmoreland, and extends N.N.W. for 50 

 miles, reaching the lower portions of the valleys of the Esk and 

 Annan in Dumfriesshire. In an east and west direction, this area 

 varies greatly in breadth ; but, measured from Castle Carrock on the 

 east, to the sea at AUenby on the west, the extent is about 30 

 miles. It occupies the whole of the Cumberland plain, except a 

 small portion of the parish of Aikton; and, in Westmoreland, it 

 occurs on both sides of the Yale of the Eden. The district under 

 consideration exceeds 800 square miles. 



The strata which occur in this area consist of sandstones of two 

 distinct positions and characters, separated from each other by a 

 well-developed series of shaly beds, in some localities containing a 

 considerable amount of gypsum ; and calcareous layers are also some- 

 times found associated with the shaly deposits. 



The arenaceous strata of Cumberland and Westmoreland have 

 already attracted the attention of geologists. Those contiguous to 

 the Penine chain are referred to by Dr. Buckland *. Those of the 

 western side of the area have been alluded to by Prof. Sedgwick, 

 and their boundaries in this portion of the north of England have 

 been defined f. 



These deposits, as they occur at Eirkby Stephen, have been noticed 

 by Prof. Phillips J. 



Mr. Binney has also described the nature and age of some of these 



* Geol. Trans., 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 105 et seq. 



t Ibid. vol. iv. p. 383 et seq. X Ibid. vol. iii. p. 9. 



