1862.] HARKNESS PERMIAN STRATA. 209 



At the smelt-mill, above the village, the dip of the upper sand- 

 stones is reversed ; but here they are contiguous to the great Penine 

 fault. On the opposite or east side of the fault, Lower Silurian 

 rocks are seen dipping N.^.W. at 50°; and on the west side of 

 Romanfell these have upon them Old Red Sandstones, about 500 feet 

 in thickness, dipping east, and passing regularly under the base of 

 the Carboniferous series of Warcop Fell. 



The section from Great Ormside to Romanfell affords means for 

 ascertaining the thickness of the inferior sandstones and breccias. 

 The dip of these averages 10° E.N.E. ; and the distance from their 

 western margin to the spot in Hilton Beck where the yeUow series 

 occurs is about two miles, measured across the dip. This would 

 give a thickness of nearly 2000 feet to the inferior strata. The 

 next series, including the yeUow sandstones below and the clays 

 above, with the intervening deposits, has a thickness of about 160 feet ; 

 and the upper sandstones are here about 700 feet in thickness. 



§ 4. Reference has already been made to the occurrence of the 

 breccias at Burrels. These are also seen on the east side of the Eden, 

 immediately below Appleby ; and at Bongate, an eastern extension 

 of Appleby across the river, the false-bedded sandstones also occur. 

 At Hungrigg, a mile E.N.E. from Appleby, the higher members of 

 the breccia are seen, having here been extensively worked for their 

 limestone fragments ; and a short distance from this eastwards the 

 clayey zone comes on. 



Ts'o traces of the breccias occur north of Hungrigg ; and with this 

 thinning out of the coarse portion of the inferior series, we have a 

 greater development of the sandstones proper. 



To the north of Hungrigg no section can be obtained comparable 

 to that across the Eden from Ormside to Romanfell, but many ex- 

 posures of rock are seen which exhibit the sequence of the several 

 strata. 



At Long Marton, three miles north of Appleby, in the stream above 

 the bridge, the inferior sandstone occurs, being the higher portion 

 of the series. The clay-beds also were formerly wrought on the 

 south side of the village, at Haa Plaister Scar, for the gypsum which 

 they here aiford ; and the upper sandstones are seen in the streams 

 between Dufton and Knock. At Stamphill, a mile N.W. of Long 

 Marton, the red clays and gypsum were also formerly worked ; and 

 at Townhead, a quarter of a mile N.E. of Kirkby Thorpe, a good 

 exposure of these now occurs, for here they are worked to a consi- 

 derable extent. At this spot a mass of gypsum, called " Haa Plaister," 

 about 9 feet thick, is seen resting on bluish clay, the gypsum itself 

 being capped by about 7 yards of boulder-clay. 



The level country W. and N.W. from this affords no sections 

 until we reach Cliburn, where the false-bedded flaggy sandstone 

 has been noticed by Prof. Sedgwick*. From Cliburn this extends 

 northward ; and, forming Whinfell, it here exhibits its normal false- 

 bedded character well developed. East from Whinfell this sand- 



* Op. cit. p. 38G. 



p2 



