1862.] HAEKNESS PERMIAN STEATA. 213 



The rocks seen in Ive-gill have the same general arrangement as 

 that which obtains in the Valley of the Eden, the only diiFerence 

 being in the direction of the dip. This change from E.N.E. to N. is 

 a gradual one, as is well shown in the strike and dip of the argilla- 

 ceous series. 



Pollowing the argillaceous series along its strike from Haa Plaister 

 Scar, on the Eden, we find it exhibiting the following modifications : — 



At Langwathby it seems to consist solely of red clays. At the 

 farm of Lang Meg and her Daughters, near Lacy Caves, it consists 

 of gypsum and clays, the former having been wrought here. About 

 a mile and a half northwards, at Glassonby Beck, red clays alone 

 occur; and at Eavens Beck, east of Kirk Oswald, where a good 

 section is seen, the same features are manifested. In the river 

 Croglin, between Dale and the Nunnery, argillaceous beds are the 

 sole constituents of this series. Here, below the argillaceous strata, 

 a fine section of the inferior sandstones is seen in the course of the 

 Croglin, and, above these, the upper sandstones are worked at Sevie 

 quarry. 



I^orth of the Croglin, on the Armathwaite road, at Cross House, 

 there are remains of a quarry in the argillaceous series, from whence 

 gypsum was formerly obtained ; but here the beds are thin, and not 

 profitable, being irregular in their occurrence. The next locality 

 which affords an exposure of the argillaceous series is the Haa Beck, 

 at Ainstable. The strata here are only partially seen, but they seem 

 exclusively clay-beds. On the west side of the Eden, at High Stand, 

 gypsum is now extensively worked, the section of the quarry afford- 

 ing the following beds : — The lowest (passed through in sinking a 

 well below the floor of the quarry) consist of 8 feet of fine-grained 

 purple sandstone, with thin layers of fibrous gypsum. Above these 

 are three beds of gypsum, with a total thickness of 20 feet, the whole 

 dipping N.E. at an angle of 5°. Similar gypseous strata are wrought 

 at Carleton Hill, three miles IS'.W. from High Stand, near the Carlisle 

 high-road. Here the gypsum is about 18 feet thick, irregular in its 

 upper surface, and succeeded by indurated clay 3 feet in thickness, 

 upon which rests a shaly sandstone 15 feet in depth. Here the strata 

 have a low N. dip. 



On the east side of the argillaceous series, near High Stand, on 

 the banks of the Eden, the upper sandstone is seen dipping N. at 20*^. 

 At Wetheral Pastures we have also this sandstone dipping in the 

 same direction at an angle of 10°. At Corby the dip of this sand- 

 stone is N.N.W. ; and from thence it extends eastward to beyond 

 Castle Carrock, where, in the Gelt, it is seen in close proximity to the 

 Penine fault. 



From this the fault runs N. to Lanercost, occurring immediately 

 below the bridge. From Lanercost its course is N.N.W. ; and it is 

 again seen at Penton Linns, on the Liddel, as described by Professor 

 Sedgwick*. 



§ 7. In the neighbourhood of Carlisle we see the upper sandstones in 



* Op. cit. note, p. 385. 



