﻿Vol. 66.] THE GEOLOGY OF NYASALAND. 189 



S. The Geology of Nyasaland. 1 By A. E. Andrew, M.Sc, F.G.S., 

 and T. E. G. Bailey, B.A., F.G.S. With a Description of the 

 Fossil Flora, by E. A. X. Arber, M.A., F.G.S. ; Notes on the 

 Fossil non-Marine Molltjsca and a Bivalved Crustacean 

 (Esther tell a), by E. B. Newton, F.G.S. ; and a Description 

 of the Fish-Scales of Colobodus, etc., by E. H. Traquair, 

 M.D., F.E.S., F.G.S. (Eead November 17th, 1909.) 



[Plates XVIII & XIX— Fossils.] 



Contents. 



Page 



I. Introduction 189 



II. Topography 191 



III. Geology 192 



(a) The Crystalline Series 193 



(b) The Sedimentary Groups 197 



1. The Mafingi Series 197 



2. The Karroo Series 198 



3. Recent Deposits 222 



IV. Physical Features 229 



V. Conclusions 236 



VI. Bibliographical List 237 



Appendix I. — Notes on the Fossil Plants 237 



Appendix II. — Notes ou the Fossil Non-Marine 



Mollusca and a Bivalved Crustacean (Estheriella) 239 



Appendix III. — Notes on the Fish-Scales 249 



I. Introduction. 



In the past several African travellers have explored parts of what 

 is now known as Nyasaland, and have given a brief account of its 

 geology, while in more recent years comparatively detailed geo- 

 logical work has been carried out in neighbouring countries. A 

 short summary of these researches is given below : — 



1865. — Livingstone (l) 2 spent most of his time outside of the 

 Protectorate, but he also travelled to the southern end of Lake Nyasa, 

 and for a short distance on its west coast. He discovered the coal 

 at Tete in Portuguese East Africa. He also reported coal from the 

 neighbourhood of Port Herald. His description would lead one to 

 think that coal occurred on the slopes of Malawe Hili, though 

 really there is none nearer than 6 miles away. 



1881. — Stewart (2) passed up the shores of Lake Nyasa, and 

 discovered coal in the Zindira Stream (Chesindire), near the mouth 

 of the Malawe or Southern Eukuru Eiver. 



1881. — Joseph Thomson (3) passed through what is now German 

 territory to the north of Nyasaland, and found there a large de- 

 velopment of volcanic rocks, near the northern end of the lake. 



i Published by permission of the Director of the Imperial Institute. 



- Numerals in parentheses refer to the Bibliographical List, § VI, p. 237. 



