﻿566 ME. A. WILMOKE ON THE CABBONIEEKOUS [Nov. 1 9 10, 



finely comminuted calcareous debris, and are, inconsequence, fairly 

 well bedded. 



In strata which vary so remarkably in lithological character as 

 they are traced laterally, it may be expected that any attempt to 

 assign them to precise zones and sub-zones will meet with some 

 difficulty. The fauna of the Elbolton and Swinden Knolls (the 

 knoll phase) is generally regarded as D, or D 3 , x yet some of the 

 common forms suggest much likeness with D i or even 8 2 ; witness, 

 for example, the very common Lithostrotion , the common Caninia 

 subibicina, the occasional Caninia gigantea, and such fossils as 

 Productus cor a. The Pendleside Beds seem to succeed the knoll- 

 beds normally. 



In the Hetton and Eshton Moor districts beds containing Clisio- 

 phyllum, Cyatbophyllum, also numerous species of Zaphrentis and 

 Cyathaxonia, come in below the Pendleside Series. 



At Swinden Gill Head, near Hellifield, as pointed out .before, the 

 Pendleside Beds seem to follow very closely on massive limestone 

 with Caninia gigantea. 



At Crag Laithe that fossil occurs plentifully in beds some 

 60 feet below the shales and limestones containing; the Zaplirentis- 

 Cyathaxonia fauna. As the Pendleside Beds do not appear to 

 come on immediately (they are seen in the old lane leading to 

 Grargrave), the relation of the Caninia beds to the Pendleside Series 

 is not the same here as at Swinden Gill Head. 



It may be pointed out that the Pendleside Scries increases in 

 thickness very rapidly, as one proceeds from the Wharfednle knoll 

 region westwards. We may therefore expect some considerable 

 change in the beds which immediately underlie the Pendleside 

 Series ; but it is not easy to determine the precise nature of that 

 change in a region which affords no continuous sections, which is 

 complicated by so many folds and faults, and presents such rapidly 

 changing lithology. 



I hope to devote time to the study of these relationships, but it 

 must be a work of some years. 



III. Notes on some of the Coeals. 

 Caninia, Michelin. 



For discussions of the characters of this genus, the following, 

 inter alia, may be consulted : — 



F. M'Coy : ' Brit. Pal. Fossils ' 1851-55, p. 28. 



A. Vaughan : ' The Paheontological Sequence in the Carboniferous Lime- 

 stone of the Bristol Area' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. lxi (1905) 

 pp. 272 et seqq. 



R. G-. Carruthers : Geol. Mag. dee. 5, vol. v (1908) pp. 158 et seqq. ; and 

 Trans. Eoy. Soc. Edin. vol. xlvii (1909) pt. i, pp. 149-50. 



1 See ' Faunal Succession in the Lower Carboniferous (Avonian) of the 

 British Isles ' Table iii, Rep. Brit, Assoc. 1909 (Winnipeg) p. 4. 



