﻿638 DB. TEMPEST ANDERSON ON THE [NoV. 



Plate XLYI. 



The southern wall of the crater. — On this side of the crater tuff* 

 predominate over bedded lavas. Below the cloud of vapours on the right, a.id 

 just outside the picture, is the tunnel mentioned as probably caused by 

 remelting. 



Plate XLYIT. 



The western end of the crater, from the same point of view as 

 PI. XL VI. (To the left the picture should join the last.) — On the right the 

 lower part of the wall is covered with layers of lava which have frozen on to it. 

 The western tunnel is almost concealed at the bottom of the column of vapour. 

 On the right of this column (near the centre of the plate) is a rock which 

 appears to be a dyke. 



Plate XLVIIT. 



Fig. 1. Part of a lava-field. — A characteristic patch of slaggy lava 

 (pahoehoe) showing the corded structure. Much of the scoriaceous 

 lava (aa) is similar to that of Vesuvius or Etna. See T. Anderson, 

 'Volcanic Studies ' 1902, pis. vii, viii, & xviii. 

 2. Lava-field with broken-up blocks, near the site of Toapaipai. — 

 The greater part of the field is slaggy lava of the ordinary type. In 

 the foreground, near the figure, the crust has been broken up by 

 addition to or subtraction from the volume of the imperfectly con- 

 solidated lava beneath. In the middle distance on the right is a 

 large bank of similar but bigger blocks, apparently due to the same 

 cause. Farther away, at the foot of the hills, is the row of great 

 fumaroles which mark the underground course of the lava on its way 

 to the sea. 



Plate XLIX. 



Fig. 1. Lava with subsidences and a tunnel, near thesiteof Sataputu. — 

 This is slaggy lava of the usual type. After the freezing of a crust 

 the still liquid lava has found a vent and flowed elsewhere, leaving a 

 cave or tunnel below. Towards the left end of the nearer subsidence 

 are two small ledges, marking halting-places of the liquid lava during 

 its fall. On the surface are dead trunks of trees and in the distance 

 are trees, some killed outright, some recovering. The greater part of 

 the country now buried under this lava-field was previously covered 

 with similar forest. 

 2. The tower of the church of Sataputu. — This is all that 

 remains to mark the site of that once flourishing village, which is now 

 buried under about 30 feet of lava. It is chiefly remarkable for the 

 depression round the tower, which simulates a subsidence ; but the 

 lava shows no marks of having been higher than it is at present. 



Plate L. 



Fig. 1. The lava flowing into the sea. — This photograph shows a place 

 where the lava is flowing quietly into the sea, and producing a 

 structure which appears to be a form of pillow-lava, as described on 

 p. 632. The sea was boiling, and we did not approach nearer, for fear 

 of melting the pitch-caulking of the boat. 

 2. Steam-cloud at Asuisui. — A view taken from the surface of the 

 new lava. The foreground is corded lava of the usual type, and some 

 of it had probably only been erupted the previous day. It was too 

 hot to walk upon. The lava is falling into the sea just on the farther 

 side of the ridge. 



