Vol. 55.] STRUCTUEE OF THE SOUTHERN MALVERNS. 151 



vertical Llandovery Beds, which show indications of great pressure 

 and crushing, rest against the overhanging ' syenite.' 



An important feature in this section is the occurrence of a ' vein ' 

 of Llandovery rock included in the ' syenite,' and consisting of two 

 thin bands of limestone (each ?) about 6 inches thick, with an 

 intervening bed of ' marl/ 2 feet thick. These beds, according to 

 Symonds, furnished Striclclandinia} It is unfortunately very diffi- 

 cult to make out the disposition of this ' vein ' from Symonds & 

 Lambert's description,^ but on comparing the figure and the context 

 it seems to follow that it has a low easterly dip. 



The same or another strip of beds containing StricHandinia was 

 also described by Phillips ^ as occurring in the crystalline rock of 

 the Wyche Pass, a short distance north of the line of the tunnel. 



Symonds explains these facts by supposing that the fossiliferous 

 rocks were dropped into an open fissure traversing the crystalline 

 floor of the Llandovery seas ; but, now that the great effects accom- 

 panying the process of mountain-building are known, no one will, 

 I think, seriously maintain this view, and I would apply the same 

 explanation here as in the case of the included Cambrian and 

 Silurian strips in the southern part of the Malvern chain, namely, 

 that of profound infolding, combined with faulting. 



(8) Theoretical Explanation of the Structure of the 

 Southern Portion of the Malvern Range. (Figs. 18-20.) 



The broken and dislocated condition of the gneissic complex of 

 the Malvern Hills was realized many years ago by Phillips, who 

 in this connexion drew special attention to the occurrence of 

 crush-breccias. These breccias have been noted subsequently by 

 HoU, Putley, and Hughes, the latter of whom has given an ex- 

 planation of their origin."^ The two former have also indicated 

 the occurrence of faults traversing the gnsissic series. Now, the 

 faults occurring in the range are by no means always of the simple 

 character of those to which allusion has just been made. It has 

 been shown above (p. 137) that Midsummer and Eaggedstone Hills 

 are traversed by a complex line of dislocation, along which strips of 

 Cambrian and Silurian rocks, presumably often of lenticular shape, 

 have become included in the Archaean Series. The inclusion of 

 these narrow strips is difficult, and I think impossible, to explain on 

 the - hypothesis that they are portions of an overlying series let into 

 the gneissic series by ordinary faulting. At the only spot (fig. 11, 

 p. 143) where the actual junction of the included rocks with the 

 Archaean Series is exposed, the fault is seen to be a reversed one, 

 but with a relatively small hade. The circumstance, moreover, 

 that the outcrop of the line of disturbance curves round towards 

 the east, as it descends both the northern and southern slopes of 



1 ' Old Stones ' 2nd ed. (1884) p. 47. 



^ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvii (1861) p. 157. 



3 Mem. Geol. Surv. vol. ii (1848) pt. i, p. 64. 



* Geol. Mag. 1887, p. 500. 



