Vol. 55.] STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTHERN MALYBRNS. 157 



and Lower Palaeozoic mass with its covering of ' Permian ' and Trias, 

 while denudation has largely removed this covering on the western 

 side of the fault. 



The Southern Malverns may, then, be regarded as a portion of 

 the front of an old mountain-range, more or less of the Jura-type, 

 the folds of which have been overthrown and overthrust westward. 

 I have already maintained ^ that this range first arose during late 

 Carboniferous times, and I hope to submit detailed evidence in 

 support of this hypothesis on a future occasion. 



It finally follows that, if the views set forth in the foregoino: 

 pages be correct, we shall have to recognize in the crystalline rocks 

 of the Malverns, not only an unmodified pre-Cambrian series of 

 gneisses and schists, but also a newer series of schists formed 

 from the old material, and comparable in their secondary origin 

 with those produced in Northern Scotland by the post-Cambrian 

 movements. 



lY. The Western Tract. 



The tract bounded on the east by Midsummer, Raggedstone, 

 and Chase End Hills, and on the west by the May Hill Sandstone 

 escarpment, falls naturally into three districts, which show certaiu 

 physiographical and geological difi*erences : — 



(1) The district of White-leaved Oak, Pendock's Grove, and Coal 



Hill, which extends southward as far as Hayes Copse, at 

 the south-western end of Chase End Hill. 



(2) The district between Pendock's Grove and the gentle ridge on 



which Fowlet Farm and Martins are situated. 



(3) The district around Bronsil. 



(1) The District of White-leaved Oak, Pendock's Grove, 

 and Coal Hill. 



It is in this area that the geological structure is best shown. 

 The strata have undergone comparatively little displacement, and 

 exhibit a generally simple arrangement, well revealed in several 

 picturesque glens which diversify the district. 



The only strata present in this district are the Malvern Black and 

 Grey Shales, with which are associated series of igneous rocks, and a 

 small patch of May Hill Sandstone. The Cambrian shales were 

 termed ' Black Shales ' by Phillips,"^ but Holl ^ afterwards divided 

 them into a lower series of Black Shales and an upper series of 

 Grey Shales. Careful mapping shows that the Grey Shales occupy 

 a much larger area than would be inferred from the carrent 

 descriptions.* 



^ Kep. Brit. Assoc. 1898 (Bristol) p. 873. 

 2 Mem. Geol. Surv. vol. ii (1848) pt. i, p. 54. 

 ^ Quart. Journ. Greol. Soc. vol. xxi (1865) pp. 89 et seqq. 

 * Holl, op. cit. p. 92 ; Symonds, ' Records of the Rocks,' 1872, p. 72, & 

 ' Old Stones,' 2nd ed. (1884) p. 31. 



