306 PEOr. T. G. BONNET AND EEV. E. HILL ON THE [Aug. 1 899, 



A third group, including Johmstrup, J. Geikie, and Struckmann,^ 

 regard the association of the Chalk and the Glacial deposits as a 

 result of ice-action. Each author, as a rule, gives cogent reasons 

 for not accepting the views of his predecessors. Most, however, 

 seem to have visited only one of the islands, and none to have 

 given equal attention to both. 



Besides the objections, generally weighty, which may be found 

 in the writings to which we refer, we may note at the outset one or 

 two of a more general character. Simple faulting is insufficient ; 

 the Moen sections require dislocations which have turned over or 

 on to their sides solid blocks of Chalk 400 feet high. In Moen the 

 folds in the Chalk have in general an east-north-easterly and west- 

 south-westerly strike ; in Riigen they run more nearly north and 

 south. If, then, these structures are due to earth-movements, 

 they must have taken place in directions almost at right angles one 

 to another; if, on the other hand, these structures are due to 

 the thrust of a Scandinavian ice-sheet, there must have been the 

 same diiference in its movements in the two districts.^ Johnstrup 

 seems to regard the action of the ice as somewhat similar to that 

 of a ploughshare in a furrow ; but, as will be seen, it is not easy to 

 locate the furrow. 



The Chalk in both islands is rather soft, very white, and, so far 

 as we saw, belongs to the zone of Belemnitella mucronata. The 

 flint is very like that in the Upper Chalk of England, being com- 

 monly almost black, with grey spots or patches, but it occurs 

 perhaps more often as lines of nodules than as continuous bands. 

 The Drifts, however, exhibit some varietal differences which will be 

 best indicated by giving separate descriptions of the two islands. 



II. The Chalk and Driet in Moen. 



Moen is parted by shallow, island -studded straits from the south- 

 eastern end of Seeland, and from the north-eastern end of Ealster. 

 Its extreme length, from west-south-west to east-north-east, is about 

 18 miles, its western coast-line being irregular. The Drift-covered 

 Chalk-downs, as already mentioned, form the eastern end of the island, 

 but they die away shortly before reaching its southern extremity. 

 The most interesting part of the coast is from the vicinity of Lise- 

 lund (a pleasant halting-place) southward to near Hundevoengs- 

 gaard, a distance of about 3^ miles, in which we examined the 

 cliffs both from above and below. We also walked northward from 

 Liselund for some 2 miles along the beach, but in this part saw 

 little of interest. Here the slope is much masked by woods, but the 

 usual grey, stony clay may be detected, and we thought that it 



^ F. Johnstrup, Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geol. Gesellsch. vol. xxvi (1874) p. 533; 

 Struckmann, ibid. toI. xxxi (1879) p. 788 ; F. Wahnschaffe, ibid. vol. xxxiv (1882) 

 p. 593 ; J. Greikie, ' Great Ice Age,' 3rd ed. (1894) ch. xxix. 



2 It may be added that Stevns Klint, a promontory about 25 miles north of 

 Moen, in the direct track of any Scandinavian ice-sbeet, and presenting also a 

 Chalk-cliff to the east, is described as not showing any of these phenomena 

 ,(Puggaard, ' Moens Geologic,' p. 50, note). 



