310 PKOF. T, G. BOKNEr AND EEV. E. HILL ON THE [Aug. 1899^ 



(d) The claj^s seem to be often associated with ravines which are 

 more frequent in the upper part of the cliffs ; only about three times- 

 could we be certain that they reached the shore, and there is nothing 

 to suggest that in any case they are prolonged much below the sea- 

 level. The clays show no signs of stratification. The Chalk is 

 sharply folded, but, though it and the flints were sometimes a little 

 broken, we were unable to find any satisfactory evidence of faults 

 of real importance, or to connect them, if such exist in any degree, 

 with the intercalations of the Drift. 



Not many localities possess such a monograph as Puggaard's 

 * Geology of Moen.' The three plates in which he gives a panorama 

 of the coast-line are admirable for their beauty and fidelity. But,. 

 at the time when he worked, the conception of folding under lateral 

 pressure had scarcely, if at all, been formed. The only actions 

 known to him were elevation or subsidence, and volcanic eruption,, 

 of which he rightly rejects the latter. He describes as one of the 

 phenomena that beds which are horizontal at the cliff-top often 

 dip steeply at the beach-level, and instances a portion of his 

 illustrations, which depicts accurately a simple arch of the bedding- 

 planes as shown by the layers of flint. Studying the panoramic 

 plate which he publishes as his interpretation of the section, we 

 rather doubt whether he fully allowed for the local slips so common 

 in such a cliff-face. We had with us a rough copy of the jjlate, and 

 were not seldom uncertain whether we had rightly identified our 

 position. The sea, however, has gained on the land since Puggaard's 

 time (1851), and some of the inclusions of clay may have been 

 largely or even wholly destroyed ; in fact, this peculiar association 

 of Drift and Chalk appeared to us to be restricted to the neighbour- 

 hood of the present ccfist-line. 



Johnstrup rejects Puggaard's hypothesis of depression and 

 elevation, and advocates instead that of the thrust of an ice-sheet ; 

 but his own figures (made when, as he says, the sections were 

 especially favourable for observation) strongly suggest that the 

 Drift occupies fissures or gullies in the Chalk (and in one instance 

 pipes and hollows). His diagram, on a larger scale, of the inclusions 

 at Forchhammers Pynt seems to prove that the Drift there is not 

 infolded. These figures, showing a series of nearly parallel steeply- 

 dipping sections of Drift, if interpreted on Puggaard's hypothesis, 

 demand a very peculiar kind of step-trough faulting ; while his 

 own hypothesis, that large masses of Drift-covered Chalk were 

 overturned by the lateral thrust of an ice-tongue advancing along 

 a hollow, is difficult to reconcile with the existence of a wall of 

 Chalk, as shown on Puggaard's plates, in the position of the hollow 

 which he appears to postulate. One or two other difficulties 

 attend Johnstrup's view, but these can be more conveniently dis- 

 cussed after we have given a description of Eiigen. 



We speak throughout of the Drift intercalated with the Chalk as 

 a single deposit, because _ we were unable, in any of the sections 

 which we could actually touch, to identify the band of sand described 



