Vol. 55.] BELOW SKIPTON AND GRAS8INGT0N IN CKAVEN. 361 



that swallow-holes should be formed into limestone through any- 

 thing like 400 feet of shale ; it is more than probable that under 

 Simonseat the limestone is much nearer the Millstone Grit than it 

 is in other places : that is, the limestone-surface is very uneven. 



Furthermore, the amorphous and unbedded character of the lime- 

 stone is itself an argument in favour of the view that the rock was 

 originally formed as a group of mounds, whether as reefs or as heaps 

 of shells that were not strewn out by wave and currents ; for such 

 mounds would have no bedding. Supposing that the limestone 

 had been originally a bedded rock, how has it lost its bedding ? 

 Along a line of fault a rock is often brecciated, and perhaps may be in 

 extreme cases crushed to such a degree that the bedding is destroyed 

 for some little width along the plane of movement ; but such cases 

 must be very rare in Craven, for I have never seen an instance along 

 .any of the numerous faults by which the country is intersected. 



We have, moreover, positive evidence that bedding is not destroyed 

 by the rocks being squeezed up into folds. The whole country south 

 of the North Craven Fault as far as the Eiver Aire has been pressed 

 into a number of folds, whose axes are directed approximately 

 east and west, and along some of these the limestone has been 

 excessively contorted ; but its bedding has not been 

 destroyed. So far is pressure from destroying bedding that it is 

 bedding which proves pressure. From the contortions in bedding, 

 at Draughton and elsewhere, we learn that the limestone has been 

 slowly squeezed under great pressure : this was exemplified some 

 years ago by the experiments of Prof. Miall, undertaken with the 

 express object of explaining how such a rock as limestone could be 

 folded in such a fashion as may be seen at Draughton. 



Therefore I do not believe it possible for the limestone to have had 

 its bedding crushed out through the whole extent of such a hill 

 as Elbolton, which has a diameter at its base of 900 yards from 

 north to south and of 1000 yards from east to west. When we find 

 fio great a width of amorphous limestone, the obvious inference is 

 that it never had any bedding. 



Discussion (on the two eokegoing Papers). 



Mr. Tiddeman congratulated Mr. Marr on the interesting facts 

 And observations brought forward, but he regretted that he could 

 only follow him to a certain extent in his conclusions. He quite 

 admitted that there was much crushing and folding in the district, 

 but chiefly in that about Draughton taken by Mr. Marr to illustrate 

 his remarks. There was, however, no appearance of reef-knoll 

 structure in that more complicated area, and in the parts where 

 reef-knoUs abounded the excessive faulting was absent. Perfect 

 fossils abounded in the reef-knolls, as the collections made by 

 Mr. James Eccles (now in the Blackburn Museum) and Mr. Garwood 

 showed. The question was really only part of a much larger subject 



