362 LIM.ESTONE-KNOLLS IN CRAVEN. [^^g. 1899^ 



relating to the physical conditions of sea and land existing when the 

 beds were formed. He (the speaker) had suggested that the Craven 

 Fault was in action while the Carboniferous rocks were being 

 formed. He had had the good luck to find a remnant of the 

 old reef-beach on the upthrow side of the fault above Dibbles 

 Bridge, and this he exhibited. He was glad to note that Mr. Dakyns 

 supported his views, and was very grateful to Mr. Marr for having 

 brought forward the subject. 



Dr. Wheelton Hind remarked that he could not but be struck 

 with the extreme ingenuity of Mr. Marr's views, but with many of 

 his facts he could not agree. The paper was delusive, most of the 

 evidence being taken from another district where knolls were 

 distinctly absent. Knolls were characteristic of the upper beds of 

 the Carboniferous Limestone in Derbyshire, Staffordshire, and else- 

 where. They formed the great fossil deposits of the Carboniferous 

 Limestone, and he (the speaker) had worked them for several years. 

 Bedding was always obscure, fossils were sometimes rolled, and 

 the thickness of the knolls varied from a few feet to many yards. 

 They were not always dome-shaped, and occasionally there was a 

 thin bed. Still, breccia with limestone-pebbles was always asso- 

 ciated with these phenomena. He could not accept Mr. Marr's 

 view that the Craven Faults had any bearing on the difference in 

 type between the Limestone south of the faults and the Yoredale 

 Series to the north. He disagreed with the correlation given in 

 Mr. Marr's paper. The Pendleside Limestone was a peculiar hard 

 black limestone, thinly-bedded, breaking with a conchoidal fracture, 

 and yielding a fauna similar to that of the Gannister Series 

 of the Coal Measures, and it did not contain any of the fossils of 

 the Mountain Limestone. It was quite distinct in lithological 

 character and in its palaeontology from the knoll-limestone and 

 from any of the beds of Yoredale limestone. The term ' Upper 

 Scar Limestone ' was unfortunate, and was used for different beds 

 in different areas. He asked which was the particular bed that 

 Mr. Marr meant. Simple measurements were opposed to this 

 correlation also, which had not a single fact to rely upon — neithe 

 palaeontological, lithological, nor stratigraphical. 



Mr. Gaewood corroborated Mr. Marr's testimony regarding the 

 evidences of crush -movement in the district described, and mentioned 

 that he had noticed great disturbance between the Elbolton reef and 

 the shales immediately overlying it, as evidenced by crinoid-stems, 

 contorted and drawn out, among the breccia-fragments which here 

 form the junction. He pointed out that the wonderful state of 

 preservation of the fossils in the reefs cited by Mr. Tiddeman might 

 be due to absence of pressure in the axes of the anticlinals. The 

 high dip of the reefs in places was very conspicuous, and he had 

 found, from extensive collecting in the reefs, that the dip generally 

 was clearer than supposed by some speakers. 



Mr. Lamplugh thought that the structures described by Mr. Marr 

 were undoubtedly of a character similar to that of the limestone- 



