690 ME. E. J, GARWOOD ON THE [NoV. 1 899, 



Plate XL V. 



A collapsed ice-tunnel near Pretender Peak. 



The view is taken inside the tunnel, which is about 8 feet high : other 

 tunnels are seen in the distance. 



Plate XLVI. 



Fig. 1. Ice-tunnels formed against the Pretender Eange. 



Bird's-eye view, to show the manner in which the ice-bridges are 

 ridged up into parallel tunnels by the pressure of the ice against the 

 barrier opposed to it by the range. A nearer view of some of 

 these tunnels is shown in PI. XLV. 



Fig. 2. View of nunatakkr causing elevation of englacial material. 



This not only constitutes an interesting example of the way in 

 which the ice is ridged up on the impact-face of the nunatak (A), but 

 affords a striking proof that the moraine-material frequently found in 

 connexion with this upridging of the ice is not thrown off from the 

 nunatak around which it occurs, but is in reality upraised englacial 

 material. In the present example, the upper nunatak (B) and the 

 moraine that encircles the impact-face of A are both formed of 

 Archeean rock, while the nunatak A is composed of Carboniferous 

 dolomite. 



Plate XLVII. 



Fig. 1. Surface-stream on Highway GJacier. (See p. 685.) 



Above the level of crevassed glaciers the ice-sheet is entirely drained 

 by streams of this description, which frequently contain waterworn 

 glacial material. The width of the torrent is about 15 feet, and the 

 depth of the channel about 14 feet. 



Fig. 2. Englacial stream with moraine, King's Glacier. 



The view shows an ice-tunnel 15 feet in diameter, which has been 

 excavated by water escaping from a glacial lake immediately to the 

 right of the picture. The moraine from a neighbouring nunatak is 

 being carried into the tunnel, and waterworn fragments were found 

 some distance from the entrance. The material lying on the floor of 

 the channel is heaped up at right angles to the direction of the valley. 



Plate XLVIII, 



Fig. 1. The range of the Hornsunds Tinde, viewed from its southern extremity 

 on Mount Hedgehog. 



This range has been entirely carved by frost out of Hekla Hook 

 Beds, along the bedding and jointing shown in the picture, producing 

 what has been aptly termed houseroof structure. 



The ice-sheet out of which the range rises is seen in the distance. 

 In the immediate foreground the almost vertical precipices are coated 

 with hoar-frost, which has formed to a depth in some places of 

 18 inches, a product of the fogs that enshrouded the mountains during 

 the three weeks preceding the day on which the photograph was 

 taken (see Alp. Journ. vol. xviii, 1897, p. 373). 

 Fig. 2. One of the erratics of the Archaean moraine, Nordenskjold Glacier. 



The boulder shown in this figure is one of the series described in the 

 text (p. 684) as forming an independent moraine composed of isolated 

 polished Archaean blocks, 4 to 6 feet in diameter. The view is taken 

 looking down the glacier, towards the coast. 



[For other views of the district, supplementing in many respects those here 

 reproduced, the reader may consult Geogr. Journ. vol. xii (1898) pp. 152-155]. 



