40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [DeC. 3, 



duced the Craven fault had also brought up the Coniston limestone 

 in the places above indicated. I do not, however, think that this 

 conclusion would be true ; for we have a perfect proof, in numberless 

 sections, that all the older rocks were elevated, contorted, and solidi- 

 fied before the existence of the carboniferous limestone ; and hence 

 I should conclude, that there w^as an ancient ridge of hills, partly 

 perhaps subaerial and partly submarine, striking nearly in the actual 

 direction of the Craven fault, and that the carboniferous limestone 

 was afterwards deposited partly over, and partly abutting against this 

 ancient ridge ; hence, that during a subsequent period of elevation, 

 this ancient ridge may not only have mechanically produced the frac- 

 tures of the Craven fault, but also may have defined its direction : 

 in other words, that the Coniston limestone and the associated rocks 

 were the mechanical implements which produced the Craven fault ; 

 and that this fault had very little effect upon the relative position of 

 these rocks, and comparatively little effect upon their elevation. 



This limitation must not, however, be carried too far. The older 

 rocks may have been, and probably were rent asunder in many places 

 along the line of disturbance which produced the Craven fault ; and 

 we have proof positive that some great cross-fractures, which appear 

 to be connected with it, have affected the older rocks as much as the 

 carboniferous limestone which rests upon them. A fine example of this 

 kind is seen below Horton in Ribblesdale, and is represented in one of 

 the accompanying sections (fig. 5, p. 47)*. Whatever may be thought 

 of the previous speculations, it appears certain that while the Craven 

 fault was in progress of formation, many cross-fractures interrupted 

 the continuity of the carboniferous beds, and prepared the way for a 

 series of lateral valleys, such as those on both sides of Ingleborough, 

 and those between Clapham and Horton in Ribblesdale. It is to these 

 lateral valleys that we owe our knowledge of a series of old and highly 

 inclined rocks, which form the base of the carboniferous chain in the 

 neighbouring parts of Yorkshire. In proceeding to notice some of 

 the older rocks which break out near the line of the Craven fault, I 

 shall begin with a section through some of the hills of Ravenstone- 

 dalef, which I visited during the past summer ; then (passing over 

 the corresponding sections in the valleys of Sedbergh and Dent, in- 

 asmuch as I have in those places nothing to add to sections I have 

 already published J) proceed to describe the sections near Ingleton, 

 and lastly the sections between Clapham and Horton §. The latter 

 sections have been w^ell described by Professor Phillips || ; but at the 

 time his memoir was written, it was impossible for him to determine 

 the place of the older rocks in the Palaeozoic series, as no typical 

 groups were then established. My object is to avoid unnecessary de- 

 tails, to take for granted what he has proved, and to produce some 



* The cross-fault here alluded to has been well explamed and represented by 

 Professor Phillips, Trans. Geol. Soc. 2nd Ser. vol. iii. p. 13, and Section. 



t See also Sections, fig. 9, &c.. Trans. Geol. Soc. 2nd Ser. Vol. iv. pi. 6. 



X See Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc, vol. ii. p. 120 and 121. 



§ See also the Paper and Sections by the Author, Trans. Geol. Soc. 2nd Ser. 

 vol. iv. Part I. 



II Trans. Geol. Soc. 2nd Ser. vol. iii. 



