38 CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS. 



PREVENTIVES AND REMEDIES. 



Up to the present time the depredations of this beetle have ap- 

 parently been too limited and inconspicuous to call for investi- 

 gations along the line of remedies and preventives. 



The system of short crop rotation, so advantageously employed 

 in the eastern United States, has no doubt assisted in limiting their 

 number. Clover is, as a rule, grown for only a short period over 

 the same piece of ground and thus no opportunity is afforded for the 

 continuous development of the pest. On the other hand, the plan of 

 allowing alfalfa to stand on the same ground for a period of from 

 three to six years would probably facilitate the increase of the insect. 



From the nature of the work of the beetles it is very hard to sug- 

 gest any remedy that would destroy the beetle and not produce more 

 or less damage to the clover crop. Clover fields might be burned over 

 during the winter months, when the ground is frozen, without injuring 

 the plants to any extent. 



The fact that the larvae are easily killed when disturbed sug- 

 gests a possible remedy in harrowing or cultivating the ground by 

 some method in early spring and thus destroying a certain percentage 

 of the larvse, but for this to be wholly effective a large amount of 

 the clover would necessarily also be damaged and possibly killed. 



As shown before, natural enemies, such as fungous diseases and 

 birds, have without a doubt contributed largely toward holding the 

 insects in check. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



The following list includes the more important papers relating to 

 this species and is practically complete for the American literature : 

 1776. Fabkicius, J. H. — Genera insectorum, p. 226. 

 1800. Paykull, G. von — Fauna Suecica. Insecta. Vol. 3, p. 305. 

 1824. Gekmar, E. F. — Insectorum species, vol. 1, p. 417. 

 1831. Stephens, J. F. — Illustrations of British entomology, vol. 4, p. 134. 

 1834. Schoenherr, C. J. — Genera et species Curculionidum, vol. 2, p. 1^3. 

 1864. Allard, E. — Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 4, ser. 4, p. 376. 

 1876. Brischke, C. G. H. — Entomologische Monatsblatter, vol. 1. p. 38. 



1881. Ormerod, Eleanor A. — Notes of observations of injurious insects. Report, 



1880. London, pp. 5-6. 



1882. Ormerod, Eleanor A. — Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. f. 1882, pp. xii, xiv-xvi. 



1883. Ormerod, Eleanor A. — Report of observations of injurious insects during 



the year 1882, etc. London, pp. 13-15, 81-84. 



1884. Ormerod, Eleanor A. — Report of observations of injurious insects and 



common crop pests during the year 1S83, etc. London, pp. 57-59. 

 1883-4. Bargagli, Piero — Rassegna biologica di Rincofori Europei. p. 53. 

 1887. Webster, F. M— Report of the [U. S.] Commissioner of Agriculture for 



the year 1886, pp. 580-582. 

 1889. Schwarz, E. A.— Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 1, pp. 248-249. 



1893. Ormerod, Eleanor A. — Report of observations of injurious insects and 



common farm pests, during the year 1892, etc. London, pp. 107-116. 



1894. Hamilton, John — Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 21, p. 403. 



