THE SMOKY CRANE-FLY. 



129 



BIRDS. 



Among the birds which are known to feed upon the Tipulidse, 

 either as eggs, larvae, or adults, probably the most important are 

 the wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), the Alice thrush (Hylo- 

 cichla alicice), the catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) , the robin 

 (Planesticus migratorius) , and the crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) . 

 Of the total stomach contents of 22 specimens of the wood thrush, 

 examined at the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 12 

 per cent was made. up of tipulid fragments, while 11 specimens of 

 the Alice thrush contained 8 per cent of tipulid fragments. 



The following species also, according to the records of the Bureau 

 of Biological Survey, are known to feed to a greater or less extent 

 on Tipulidse or their eggs : 



Franklin gull (Lams franklini). 

 Woodcock (Philohela minor). 

 Wilson snipe (Oallinago delicata). 

 Killdeer (Oxyechus vociferus). 

 Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus). 

 Mississippi kite (Ictinia mississippi- 



ensis ) . 

 Yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus ameri- 



carvus). 

 Black -billed cuckoo (Coccyzus ery- 



throphthalmus). 

 Kamchatkan cuckoo (Guculus canorus 



telephonus). 

 Downy woodpecker (Dryobates pubes- 



cens ) . 

 Yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus 



varius ) . 

 Red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes 



erythrocephalus ) . 

 Flicker (Colaptes auratus). 

 Texan nighthawk (Chordeiles acuti- 



pennis texensis). 

 Nighthawk (Chordeiles virginianus) . 

 Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus). 

 Arkansas kingbird (Tyrannus verti- 



calis ) . 

 Crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crini- 



tus). 

 Black phcebe (Sayornis nigricans). 

 Phoebe (Sayomis phwbe). 

 Say phcebe (Sayornis say us). 

 Wood pewee (Myiochanes virens). 

 Western wood pewee (Myiochanes 



richardsoni) . 

 Western flycatcher (Empidonax diffi- 



cilis ) . 



Yellow-bellied flycatcher (Empidonax 



fiaviventris) . 

 Least flycatcher (Empidonax mini- 

 mus). 

 Traill flycatcher (Empidonax trailli). 

 Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax vires- 



cens ) . 

 Wright flycatcher (Empidonax 



wrighti). 

 Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata). 

 Steller jay (Cyanocitta stelleri). 

 Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). 

 Yellow-headed blackbird (Xantho- 



cephalus xanthocephalus) . 

 Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phce- 



niceus ) . 

 Bicolored red-winged blackbird (Age- 

 laius gubernator). 

 Meadowlark (Sturnella magna). 

 Bullock oriole (Icterus bullocki). 

 Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula). 

 Brewer blackbird (Euphagus cyano- 



cephalus). 

 Purple grackle (Quiscalus quiscula). 

 Aleutian rosy finch (Leucosticte grise- 



onucha). 

 Snowflake (Passerina nivalis). 

 Aleutian savanna sparrow (Passer- 



culus sandwichensis ) . 

 Junco (J unco hyemalis). 

 White-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia 



albicollis). 

 White-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia 



leucophrys) . 

 Swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgi- 



ana). 



