THE TSETSE PROBLEM IN NORTH MOSSURISE. 363 



Attacks by several pallidipes together (except at the waiting male crowds of 

 the granite-gneiss) were very different. Here the tendency to equality was great, 

 and on at least one occasion, to judge by the captures, only females were present. 

 But we had no such attacks except on the cattle. 



The above results from pallidipes may usefully be contrasted with those obtained 

 from brevipalpis — a fly which is very loth to feed on man ; and it must be remembered 

 again that the female sex comes primarily to feed. In Dr. Lawrence's senditigs 

 (mainly flies taken on natives) practically all the brevipalpis are males. Except 

 in the pig observation (p. 337) this was my own result also, till I used cattle bait. 



My results would seem to place Lloyd's suggestion outside the category of theory 

 and further to show clearly that the apparent scarcity in the presence of game 

 of the females of the three flies chiefly investigated is probably due to a relative 

 dislike of man. 



The fact that morsitans and pallidipes might be found about native villages 

 where the shade was suitable, was, as I shall show, the natural result of villages 

 being centres of arrival from the surrounding country, together with the fact that 

 these flies do attack and (in particular) follow man. It does not invalidate their 

 probable preference for game. 



Xiy. — Observations on Breeding Habits. 



Glossina morsitans. 



Wherever I went I searched diligently for pupae with all the natives at my 

 disposal, including often a number of local natives incited by the offer of rewards. 

 Special halts were made at lik:ely or typical spots or at mere fallen logs, and the 

 normal halts were fully utilised. My general lack of success was remarkable, and 

 the two or three solitary, evacuated, muddy, wet season pupae found corresponded 

 with the sparsely scattered "character of the actual fly in most of the morsikins — • 

 pallidipes area. Only one small find of puparia (evacuated) was made on the basalt 

 in spite of a week's exhaustive search in the country round my camp, both in 

 river bush and bush savannah, by a large and quite keen gang. 



At some of the better vlei-series (by no means at all) the indications were very 

 different, and at one of these (shown on the map as Kanyezi's) I stayed at the end 

 of June and again at the end of July, for about a week each time. Buffalos had been 

 present here in very great numbers in the late rains, but had left two months before 

 my first arrival. During my stay a small herd of Lichtenstein hartebeests, small 

 droves of wart-hogs, and latterly a solitary buffalo bull were about the only large 

 mammals present, except an occasional duiker, a leopard and three passing lions. 

 The buffalos had left some heavily trodden-out game paths, now used mainly by 

 ourselves and once by the solitary bull. Thorough searches for puparia were made 

 both near the game-paths and away from them and near the vlcis and away, arid I 

 took many hundreds of full and evacuated puparia in all from more than a hundred 

 breeding places. The puparia were not, like Lloyd's, necessarily connected with 

 the game paths, though it was not easy to get very far away from these ; but the 

 muddy ones were more or less confined to areas well grazed by the buffalos, and all 

 were confined to the wooding in the immediate vicinity of open vleis and glades, 

 (737 i> 



