Manchester Memoirs, t^o/. x/iiL (i8gg), No. 11. 7 



specifically designated P. Diibernardi Oberthiir {Etudes 

 d'Entont., Livr. IX., pi. i, fig. 6), and another form is 

 described {Bull. Moscow, 1890, pi. 8, fig. a) as P. var. 

 Intennedius. Numerous other cases could be adduced, as 

 in the genus Aporia* but enough has been said to empha- 

 sise the fact that Thibet and the surrounding regions form 

 a habitat for ancient types of butterflies, and it is most 

 probable also, on this account, that Calinaga is the represen- 

 tative of one of the earlier genera which existed there in 

 more remote times. 



To summarise: — Calinaga, as deduced from the study 

 of its geographical distribution, is an ancient derivate 

 from the original phylum of Butterflies. 



The Evidence of Form and Structure of the 

 Egg Shell. 



There is not much to be said on this point, as the 

 ova of so many species of butterflies are unknown. I have 

 not been able to get access to many exotic butterfly ova, 

 and what I have critically compared have been obtained 

 by maceration of the $ bodies in water, and teasing out 

 the ova from the mass and mounting the whole. I have 

 been fortunate enough in the case of Calinaga Davidis 

 to get the micropyle intact, and in another case to get at 

 least the upper half of an &g^ showing the longitudinal ribs. 



The ova of the different families of butterflies present 

 various forms in the various groups. Those of Parnassius, 

 Thais, and Teinopalpus are round, wider than high, with a 

 fine granular surface, the centre of each granulation is 

 raised outwards and beautifully shown in P. Iniperator ; 



* In the genus Aporia {Po7ttia. Dixey, Trans. Entom. Soc, 1894), the 

 Western China and Thibetan species, Bieti, Oherthuri and Acrea are the 

 darkest species, whilst Hippia, which is also found in Turkestan, and 

 Cratagi, from Europe and also from Japan and China, are the palest 

 marked of all. 



