Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xliii. (1899), No. 11. 11 



mating to that of Nymphalidae. In the Papilionidae 

 proper, all the legs of both sexes are furnished with stout 

 simple claws, but with no paronychia or pulvilli. Amongst 

 the moths there are also genera which are furnished with 

 paronychia ; Platiainisa a Nearctic genus, will serve as 

 an illustration. 



If we go into the examination of other insect orders, 

 we find these paronychia and pulvilli in Hymenoptera, 

 Diptera, &c. The honey bee is a good type, and in most 

 orders of insects they are developed, often differing only 

 in detail from those of the Lepidoptera. 



It is generally assumed that the possession of these 

 structures is for the purpose of adhering to smooth 

 surfaces, as the claws are for attachment to rough. 

 Packard discusses the mechanism of insect locomotion, 

 and gives figures from Cheshire's " Bees and Beekeeping," 

 in "The Text-book of Entomology" (pp. 114 to 116, 

 Figs. 105, 106, and 135), particularly illustrating the 

 methods of application of these structures to rough and 

 smooth surfaces. 



The significance of the occurrence in other orders of 

 insects of these accessory tarsal structures is that we have 

 here in Pierin(E and Calinagincs a development of very 

 ancient character, as it is not likely that these structures 

 would be developed independently of each other in the 

 various orders of insects in which they are found. The 

 logical conclusion is therefore that they are characteristic 

 developments of the whole insect phylum, specialised in 

 certain cases, degenerated and rudimentary in others, and 

 obsolete in the Papilionidce, &c. 



It is also well known that the female sex is more 

 conservative in the retention of ancestral characters than 

 the male, and thus is explained the fact why it is the 

 male sex which has lost (as in NymphalidcB generally) the 



