20 Watson, Calinaga, Single Genus of a Sub-family. 



A characteristic of Sudassana is the beautiful rufous 

 yellow suffused anal angle of the hind-wings above and in 

 a very minor degree also below. The derivate of this 

 colouring may be found in certain specimens of Buddha. 

 I have one specimen from Sikkim which shews the first 

 tinting of the anal angle. Buddha also shews a rufous 

 colour on all exposed surfaces of the wings when folded 

 over the back at rest. Another point of Sudassana is the 

 long straight costa of the hind-wings, which is also found 

 in typical Buddha and not in typical Davidis. Indeed it 

 might be quoted to separate Buddha from Davidis, but 

 however stable this character might be thought on com- 

 paring typical specimens it does not hold good when 

 a number are examined. My own series, though not very 

 large, show every intergrade between typical Buddha and 

 the rounded and shorter costa of Davidis. 



The females of Calinaga are in the known species 

 semi-diaphanous and lighter in marking, a character not 

 general in the Nyinphalidce but of the utmost constancy 

 in the Aporia genus of Pierincs, in the genus Eurycus of 

 the ParnassiincB and in the section of the genus Parnassius 

 which includes Mnemosyne, Glacialis, and Stubbendorfi. 

 But what of the dark transverse fascia of the discoidal cell 

 of the fore-wings, which has no analogue in Danais or 

 Hypolymnas, or in Nymphalidce generally ? It is very 

 like that found in the whole of the ParnassiincE, but in a 

 form more like Calinaga in the Glacialis section. 



I do not, however, attach too great importance to the 

 general resemblance of wing-markings, as it is well known 

 that the Lepidoptera are very susceptible to slight changes 

 of environment, which cause greater changes of wing-marks. 



But, however, the similarity to Parnassius is there, 

 and the evidence of general facies re-iterates again and 

 again the affinity and convergence of the three sub-families, 



