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DIAGRAM SHOWING PERCENTAGE; OE TYPHOID EEVKR CASES AND DEATHS IN THE 

 UNITED STATES ARMY, 1903-I912 



Anti-typhoid vaccination, begun voluntarily in 1909, was made compulsory in 191 1. Up 

 to the end of September, 1913, there had not been a single case of typhoid fever in the 

 United States Army in 1913 (see page 1150), 



These facts being known to science, 

 experiments were made to produce anti- 

 typhoid vaccines, which when injected 

 into the blood would have in a mild de- 

 gree the same effect upon the body tis- 

 sues as the disease germs. 



(5) The French scientist Pasteur 

 made the first successful experiments, in 

 the immunization of chickens against 

 cholera, which led up to the immuniza- 

 tion of man against typhoid. His experi- 

 ments were conducted solely upon ani- 

 mals. Others continued his researches. 



(6) Later Sir Almoth Wright demon- 

 strated that the dead bacteria of typhoid 

 could be made into a preventive vaccine, 

 and in 1897 he published a report of the 

 first 20 anti-typhoid inoculations on hu- 

 man beings. 



HOW TPIE WORK IN AMERICA BEGAN 



(7) The scene now shifted to the 

 United States. One autumn afternoon 

 in the year 1908 there assembled in the 

 office of the Surgeon General of the 

 Army a group of distinguished physi- 

 cians and surgeons : 



Brig. Gen. R. M. O'Reilly, Surgeon 

 General ; Drs. Victor C. Vaughan, Wil- 

 liam T. Councilman, John H. Musser, 

 Alexander Lambert, Simon Flexner, Wil- 

 liam S. Thayer, and Capt. Frederick F. 

 Russell, Medical Corps, U. S. A. 



With the exception of the Surgeon 

 General and Capt. F. F. Russell, this 

 army board was made up of members of 

 the "Reserve Corps." 



The Surgeon General addressed the 

 scientists present, stating why they had 

 been brought together, and set forth 

 briefly the history of typhoid in the 

 United States Army up to that time. 

 Had we been present we would have 

 learned that typhoid fever exacted a toll 

 in the northern army during the Civil 

 War of 80,000 cases, and was the cause 

 of not less than 86 per cent of the total 

 mortality of the American Army in the 

 Spanish War of 1898, there having been 

 20,738 cases, with 1,580 deaths, among a 

 total of 107,973 nien. 



The lessons of the latter war and sub- 

 sequent investigations had made possible 

 Txiany advances in sanitation, and the 

 medical department of the army was 

 bending every effort toward the eradica- 

 tion of the disease. The number of 

 cases per year had finally been forced 

 down to about 300 in the army in ^le 

 United States, but the ever-present "car- 

 rier" (an individual who is apparently 

 not sick of the disease, but still harbors 

 the germs in his system and is capable of 

 imparting them in virulent form to 

 others) was elusive; also typhoid was 

 flourishing quite generally in the civil 



1 148 



