NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1207 



time, apparently for the dual purpose of 

 ascertaining whether married life will be 

 congenial and whether it will be fruitful. 

 The latter point once satisfactorily set- 

 tled, they promptly marry and usually 

 continue to live together to a ripe old 

 age. Divorce is, however, permitted 

 under certain circumstances/'' 



THE IGOROTS OF LUBUAGAN (Stt 



PICTURES, PAGES 1 175 



AND I 181) 



Lubuagan is the capital of the sub- 

 province of Kalinga. Its inhabitants and 

 those of the neighboring villages are 

 commonly, and perhaps properly, re- 

 ferred to as Kalingas, but they differ in 

 certain essential particulars from typical 

 representatives of uhis tribe. Here the 

 regions inhabited by pure Kalingas, Bon- 

 toc Igorots, Ifugaos, and Tingians meet. 

 It may be that the people under discus- 

 sion have resulted from intermarriage 

 between members of these several tribes. 

 It may be that they were originally trib- 

 ally distinct, but have come to resemble 

 both the Bontoc Igorots and the Kalin- 

 gas as a result of intermarriage with 

 them. At all events, many of the men of 

 this No ]Man's Land are superbly devel- 

 oped and many of the women are grace- 

 ful and attractive. 



The men wear more elaborate feather 

 ornaments than do the Kalingas. On 

 the backs of their heads they have the 

 typical Bontoc Igorot rattan hats, which 

 are, however, apt to be incrusted with 

 agate beads. The bodies of the women, 

 usually bare from the waist up, are often 

 slender, graceful, and ni marked contrast 

 to those of their chunky Bontoc sisters. 



About the waist and hips they wear 

 bulky woven rattan ''bustles," or ''form 

 improvers," and their skirts are stretched 

 over these and tucked in at the waist be- 

 tween them and their bodies (see page 

 1 181). The skirts are gaily embroidered 

 and are often liberally ornamented with, 

 pendants of mother-of-pearl. Many of 



* A very full description of these people by 

 Dr. Albert E. Jenks has been published by the 

 Bureau of Science at Manila in the form of a 

 beautifully illustrated book entitled 'The Bon- 

 toc Igorot." 



the women of this region paint their 

 faces bright orange red on festal occa- 

 sions — a custom unknown elsewhere in 

 the islands (see page 1181). 



Their houses resemble those of the 

 Kalingas more than those of the Bontoc 

 Igorots and are often grouped in com- 

 pactly built towns of considerable size 

 (seepage 1175). 



In warfare the Lubuagan Igorots use 

 typical Kalinga weapons, but their music 

 and dancing resemble those of the Bon- 

 toc Igorots in that the men carry the 

 gansas and play them as they dance. The 

 dancing of the women, however, is much 

 more active and graceful than that of the 

 Bontoc women. 



THE lEONGOTS (see PICTURES, PAGES 1 1 79, 

 1 182, 1 186, AND 1220) 



The people of this tribe, also known 

 as Ilongotes and Ibilaos, are forest dwell- 

 ers and many of them are semi-nomadic. 

 Their territory was formerly divided be- 

 tween the provinces of Isabela, Nueva 

 A'izcaya, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, and 

 Tayabas, but all of it has recently been 

 added to the province of Nueva Vizcaya 

 in order that they might be brought 

 under centralized control. In 1820 they 

 extended as far south as the Laguna de 

 Bay, and some of these people could then 

 occasionally be met with almost in the 

 outskirts of the city of Manila ; but their 

 hand has been against every man and 

 every man's hand has been against them, 

 with the result that their number has de- 

 creased and their territory has dimin- 

 ished as they have been driven back be- 

 fore advancing civilization. It is thought 

 that they do not now number more than 



6,OQO. 



They are a sharply marked tribe. 

 Many of the men and women are of such 

 low stature as to appear dwarfish. In 

 the territory which formerly belonged to 

 Isabela the Ilongots have intermarried 

 freely with the Negritos and their physi- 

 cal characteristics have in consequence 

 been profoundly modified. But even in 

 the territory where this has not occurred 

 many of the men are heavily bearded. 



A clout, scarlet when possiljle and 

 often ornamented with beads, constitutes 



