/O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



In most of them there is a tendency for the marsh to develop into a 

 swamp-shrub or swamp-forest composed of Alder, Ilex, Salix, 

 Betula, Acer rubrum and a few other species. The com- 

 moner species of the marsh-meadows are the following : 



Carex stricta Lam. Acorus calamus L. 



" stipata Muhl. Lilium canadense L. 



" vulpinoidea Michx. Scirpus atrovireus Muhl. 



" . scoparia Schk. " cyperinus (L.) Kunth 



Cinna arundinacea L. Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) 



Juncus effusus L. Kuntze 

 Iris versicolor L. 



These meadows were without question at one time covered by- 

 forest and where undisturbed for a few years show in many places 

 a very rapid succession of vegetation back to the forest type. This 

 is usually first indicated by an abundance of royal-fern, cinnamon- 

 fern, meadow-rue, Canada lily and other tall, herbaceous species 

 which generally precede the development of a swamp-shrub forma- 

 tion consisting of: 



Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Britt. 



Salix lucida Muhl. Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray. 



Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) TreL Cornus femina Mill. 



Viburnum cassinoides L. Vaccinium corymbosum L. 

 Salix sericea Marsh. 



These in turn being succeeded by the swamp-forest type consisting 

 of red maple (Acer rubrum L.), American elm (Ulmus 

 americana L.), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.) , 

 silver maple (Acer saccharinumL.), yellow birch (Betula 

 1 u t e a Michx. f .) , hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) 

 Carr.) and a few others of less importance. 



In the shallow water of one of the arms of Fish creek (figure n) 

 occurs a small growth of shrubs forming a dense thicket with the 

 forest in the background. This is composed almost exclusively of 

 Cornus femina Mill., Cephalanthus occiden- 

 talis L., Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell., with a few 

 red maples, alders, Ilex and Comarum. This aquatic " forewold " is 

 also beautifully developed along both banks of Black creek (figure 

 12), where the growth consists almost entirely of Cornus femina 

 Mill. 



Sandy Fields 



Sandy fields, whether of present cultivation or abandoned, as 

 are most of them, must be regarded as artificial habitats and it is in 

 such situations that one finds the majority of introduced species. 



