1 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



the western part of the State. The minute, whitish eggs are deposited 

 largely on the leaves though under certain conditions, as shown by 

 our observations of last year and the past season, they may be 

 more abundant on the young fruit. The eggs hatch in about a week 

 and consequently the young larvae of the first brood may be entering 

 the fruit from early in June, approximately three weeks after the 

 blossoms fall, to the end of the month and even to the latter part of 

 July. Some of these young caterpillars, especially those hatching 

 from late-deposited eggs, have the habit of gnawing a small hole 

 in the side of the fruit, excavating a circular gallery with a radius 

 of approximately one-sixteenth of an inch, and then deserting this 

 cavity and entering at the blossom end. This appears particularly 

 likely to occur in the western part of the State during late June and 

 early July and is very generally known as " side injury " (see plate i) 

 and is the type characterized in the tables below as " shallow." 

 The caterpillars require about four weeks to complete their growth, 

 at which time they desert the fruit, wander to a sheltered place, 

 spin a cocoon, transform to pupae and in about two weeks, namely, 

 the last of July or early in August, another brood of moths may 

 appear. These in turn deposit eggs which hatch in due time and the 

 young larvae enter the side of the fruit, especially where two apples 

 touch or a leaf hangs against the apple, as well as at the blossom 

 end. Two broods appear to be the rule in the northern fruit-growing 

 section of the United States though some investigators claim a third 

 in the southwest. 



Time of injury. The apple grading and packing law has created 

 a demand for information which may be useful in determining the 

 time when any specific type of codling moth injury may have 

 occurred, since some growers are inclined to believe that serious 

 damage may be caused by this pest after the fruit is barreled. In 

 the first place, a considerable proportion of the partly healed-over 

 scars which are generally known as " side injury " or " shallow" 

 (plate i) and which are made by the newly hatched caterpillars 

 working for a few days just under the skin and then deserting the 

 initial point of injury, is the work of the first brood, and almost 

 invariably in the case of fall and winter fruit in particular, the dam- 

 age occurs upon the tree, though under very exceptional conditions 

 there may be a little injury of this type after the fruit is picked 

 and, in such a case, must come from eggs deposited by second brood 

 codling moths. 



The injury after barreling in New York State is, in our estima- 

 tion, confined mostly to the rather large side worm holes (plate 2) 



