210 



VANELLUS. 



*^* Suhgeneric group Vanelli : with a hind toe but no spur. 

 f Old- World Species. 



VANELLUS CRISTATUS. 



COMMON LAPWING. 

 Diagnosis. Vanellus supracaudalibus et subcaudalibus rufis : subalaribus nigris. 



Variations. 



Synonymy. 



Literature. 



Although the Common Lapwing is subject to considerable individual variation, especially 

 in the amount of black on the throat and on the tail, it is impossible to distinguish 

 examples from China and Japan from others obtained in Western Europe. 



Tringa vanellus, Linnms, Syst. Nat. i. p. 148 (1758); Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 248 (1766). 



Vanellus vanellus, Brisson, Orn. v. p. 94 (1760). 



Vanellus capella, Schaeffer, Mus. Orn. p. 49 (1789). 



Vanellus vulgaris, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 313 (1803). 



Vanellus cristatus. Wolf et Meyer, Vog. Deutschl. ii. p. 110 (1805). 



Vanellus gavia, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. S^c. Brit. Mus. p. 29 (1816). 



Charadrius gavia {Leach), Lichtenstein, Vers. Doubl. p. 70 (1823). 



Charadrius vanellus (Linn.), Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 132 (1826). 



Plates.— Daub. PI. Enl. no. 242; Gould, Birds of Gr. Brit. iv. pi. 33; Dresser, Birds of 



Europe, vii. pi. 531. 

 Habits. — Seebohm, British Birds, iii. p. 57. 

 Eggs.— Seebohm, British Birds, pi. 27. figs. 1, 2, 3, 5. 



