TEINGA. 423 



Tringa ferruginea, Meyer, Taschenb. ii. p. 395 (1810). 



Tringa rufa, Wilson, Amer. Orn, vii. p. 43 (1813). 



Calidris canutus (Briss.), Cuvier, Regne An. i. p. 489 (1817). 



Calidris islandica {Linn.), Ross, Voy. of Discovery, ed. 2, ii. App. iv. p. 167 (1819). 



Canutus islandicus {Linn.), Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 654 (1831). 



Calidris canutus {Linn.), Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 324 (1837). 



Tringa lomatina^ Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. p. 92 (1854). 



Tringa cooperi, Baird, Cassin, !^ Lawrence, B. N. Amer. p. 716 (1858). 



Heteropygia cooperi {Baird), Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1861, p. 191. 



Actodromas cooperi (Baird), Ridgway, Norn. N. Amer. B. p. 44 (1881). 



eal distribu- 

 tion. 



Plates.— Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pis. 555, 556 j Gould, Birds of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 65. Literature 



Habits. — Seebohm, Brit. Birds, iii. p. 174. 

 Eggs. — Unknown . 



The Knot has three allies which, like it, have the ground colour of the upper tail-coverts Specific cha 

 white. Two of these, T. subarquata and T. bonaparti, are much smaller birds, with wings '■^''*®"- 

 less than 5J inches from the carpal joint. The distinction between T. canutus and 

 T. crassirostris has already been pointed out. 



In full breeding-plumage the whole of the underparts are chestnut, and the ground- 

 colour of most of the upper parts, sometimes even of a few of the upper tail-coverts, is also 

 chestnut, but all trace of red disappears in winter. 



Scarcely anything is known of the breeding-places of the Knot, and authenticated Geop:raphi 

 eggs are entirely unknown in collections. In 1820 Sabine found it breeding in great 

 abundance on Melville Island, about lat. 80°; in 1823 it was observed breeding on 

 Melville Peninsula, about lat. 67° ; Richardson (Faim. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 387) says that it 

 also breeds in Hudson's Bay, as far south as lat. 55°; and on the 9th of July, 1853, a 

 female example was obtained at Cambridge Bay, in lat. 69°, by the surgeon of the 

 ' Enterprise ;' but it is not known that eggs obtained on these expeditions are in any 

 collection. In 1876 Capt. Feilden, the naturalist on board the ' Alert,' obtained young in 

 down, as well as their parents, on Grinnell-Land, in lat. 82^°; and Mr. Hart, the naturahst 

 of the 'Discovery,' on the same coast, in lat. &lf°, also secured young in down; but 

 neither of these naturalists procured any eggs. It has also been obtained in Alaska and 

 Greenland. It passes through Iceland on migration, but is not known to breed there. 

 In the arctic regions of the Old World our information is still more meagre. Ilenke 

 observed it in the delta of the Dwina in summer, but failed to obtain eggs. It has been 

 observed on migration in the valleys of the Kama and the Obb ; but Harvie Brown and I 

 saw nothing of it in the delta of the Petchora. It is not recorded from either Spitzbergen 

 or Nova Zembla ; Finsch failed to observe it on the Yalmal Peninsula ; nor was I any 

 more fortunate in the delta of the Yenesay. Middendorff saw nothing of it on the Taimyr 

 Peninsula, except that he picked up a dead bird in autumn, and shot two birds on the 

 27th of May. Dybowski only obtained one example, near Lake Baikal, which had been 



