X INTKODUCTION. 



The Teutons, however, must have held on to their own 

 idiom, whilst the Scandinavians in the Danelagh spoke the 

 Danske Tunga. 



By the Scandinavians the fourth addition was made to our 

 language and place-names. 



Lastly, the Normans, who had harried the greater part of 

 France whilst their compatriots were similarly occupied in 

 England, came over in 1066, and by degrees introduced the 

 Valska, or foreign, French language, which they had adopted 

 instead of their own fi'om the people whom they had con- 

 quered, and which constituted the fifth and last important 

 contribution to our mother tongue. 



It was to be expected that, on examining English local 

 words and place-names, indications, more or less numerous 

 and distinct, of the languages which had been spoken by the 

 successive possessors of our island home would be found. 

 None of these were completely destroyed or rooted out, but 

 had from age to age become gradually incorporated with 

 their conquerors, their languages, in certain proportions, 

 remaining to demonstrate this. Each conquest has left in 

 Upper Teesdale, as in many other places in England, indelible 

 marks of its influence not only in the names of places but also 

 in the speech of the inhabitants. 



Thus there are Celtic, i.e., Gaelic and Welsh, Roman, 

 Teutonic, Scandinavian, and Norman-French words to be 

 found among the place-names of Upper Teesdale. 



In the following collection are to be found 422 place- 

 names of the district of Upper Teesdale, and these occur 

 altogether 1578 times, and of these there are — 



