6 0. J- Cuniiingliaiii, 



rent schools was prodigious. In a short time, in almost every uni- 

 versity in Europe in which medicine was taught, there were established 

 public dissections once or twice a year, and during these the parts 

 which were displayed were described from the text of Mondino. To give 

 you an idea of how rudely these were conducted, I may mention that 

 the demonstrator was generally a barber, and the implement which he 

 wielded was a razor. 



We cannot pause to take note of the discoveries which were made 

 by Mondino and his successors in Bologna; but we would be doing him 

 an injustice were we to omit to mention that he calls attention to the 

 sigmoid valves of the heart, under the name of ostiola, or little doors, 

 and that he comes very near to the discovery of the general principles 

 involved in the circulation of the blood three hundred years before 

 the illustrious Harvey. Like so many others^, he stood on the thres- 

 hold, but was prevented from grasping the full truth by slavish sub- 

 serviency to the authority of the ancients. 



The work commenced in Bologna by Mondino was not allowed to 

 lapse. Alessandro Achillini, a celebrated physician and anatomist, 

 made some important discoveries, and did much to advance the science. 

 He published a commentary on the text-book of Mondino, and he like- 

 wise wrote an anatomical treatise of his own. He was an acute ob- 

 server, but his reputation appears to have depended more upon his 

 fame as a philosopher. So great were his powers as a logician that 

 he was nicknamed "the great Achillinus and the devil." With his 

 profound learning he combined an extreme simplicity of character, 

 and it is stated that in consequence he was frequently imposed upon 

 by his students ^). 



But greater than Achillini— greater even than Mondino — was Ja- 

 copo Berengario , of Carpi , the next anatomist I have to mention in 

 connection with the Bologna School. In the first instance, a Professor 

 in Pavia, he was called to the Chair of Anatomy and Surgery in Bologna, 

 and he lived there from 1502 to 1527. 



The assiduity with which he applied himself to anatomical work 



1) Acliillini gives a good account of the brain; he discovered the malleus and 

 incus; he knew the ileo-csecal valve, and noticed for the first time the orifices of 

 Wharton's ducts. 



