Bologna. 5 



US that in 1250 the degrees of master and doctor, which had previ- 

 ously been given only to jurists and canonists, were conferred upon 

 medical men. Further, to avoid confusion, the various professors had 

 special subjects allocated to them, and a distinction was drawn be- 

 tween physicians and surgeons. Is it not significant of the efficiency 

 of the school that anatomy, chemistry, and botany formed a part of 

 the curriculum? 



We are now approaching the time when the revival of anatomy 

 in Europe took place, and from what I have told you of the activity 

 of the early School of Medicine in Bologna, need you be surprised 

 that it was here that it was quickened into life? Mondino de'Luzzi 

 has the honour of having brought it about. Sir Wm. Turner styles 

 him "this father of anatomy." 



Mondino, a Milanese by birth, held the chair of medicine in Bo- 

 logna in the year 1316. We have already seen that, in all proba- 

 bility, Hippocrates did not dissect the human body; apparently Galen 

 did not; superstition forbade it — and any dissection which had up to 

 this time taken place in Europe must have been done surreptitiously. 

 In 1315 Mondino publicly demonstrated the anatomy of two female 

 subjects, and in the following year he undertook the dissection of a 

 third. This boldness on the part of the Bologna Professor gave rise 

 to a considerable sensation at the time, and we are told that, in his 

 dissections, he dared not open the head to study the structure of the 

 ear, as this would have been deemed a "mortal sin." 



But Mondino also wrote a text-book, which exercised a powerful 

 influence in advancing the study of anatomy. It is rude in its style, 

 it is true , very inaccurate , much of it is copied from Galen , and in 

 many cases the parts are merely indicated and not described. Still, 

 at the time it was considered so masterly a work that we find a 

 statute in the books of the Padua University, which orders the can- 

 didates for degrees in medicine to follow the text of Mondino. For 

 two hundred years this law was enforced. We shall not stop to dis- 

 cuss the bad effect produced by such a rigid stand-still regulation. 

 I merely mention it to show the esteem in which the work was held. 



The effect produced by the example set by Mondino in holding 

 public demonstrations, and the hold which his book took in the diffe- 



