DURHAM DIPTERA. 87 



XIII. 135. 



48 (49). Greyish species with grey-brown wings, the whitish 



streak rather conspicuous. Female wings large, 

 longer than the abdomen. 



832. Tipula oleracea, L. 

 Common everywhere in autumn. The larvae of this, 

 and probably other Crane Flies, are very hurtful 

 to the roots of grasses. They are known as 

 " Leather-jackets," changing into pupae beneath 

 the surface, and when matured are able to raise 

 themselves half out of the ground, when the fly 

 escapes through a slit along the back. 



49 (48). Reddish brown species, the pale wing-streak in- 



distinct. Female wings shorter than the abdomen. 

 833. Tipula paludosa, Mg. 

 Common in marshy places. 



50 (47). Wings without the dark fore-margin. 



51 (52). Wings blackish and short, especially in the female. 



0.4. a. b. often touches O., as in Pachyrrhina. 



(801. nigra, L.) 



52 (51). Wings yellowish, pale brownish, or greyish, some- 



times quite clear. 



53 (6Q). The pale spot before the stigma small, often indistinct, 



and never extending beyond V.2. 



54 (59). Abdomen with a dark dorsal line. 



55 (56). Antennae entirely black or blackish brown. 



(818. melanoceras, Schum.) 



56 (55). Antennae yellow at the base. 



57 (58). Dorsum with three brown stripes, the middle one 



divided by a darker line. (821. luteipennis, Mg.) 



58 (57). Dorsum with four brown stripes, pagana, Mg. (802) 



59 (54). Abdomen without any central line. 



60 (63). Antennae with some of the basal joints yellow. 



61 (62). Second antennal joint, and only the tip of the first, 



yellow, base blackish. 



802. Tipttla pagana, Mg. 

 Shull, 3 <?, 5-9-00. 



