DERWENTHAUGIt LAND IN DERWENT GUT, 429 



submerging forests and sweet pastures, helping tlie climate to 

 grow milder and milder, less and less extreme in character, 

 till at last, once again, the seasons resumed their usual sway, 

 and the sea attacked our coast line as it is doing at the 

 present time. 



These twelve borings place beyond all doubt : — 



ist. That a Glacial age existed in our neighbourhood since 

 the Derwent began to pursue its present course. 



2nd. That the N.E. of England has sunk at least 150-ft. 

 since that Glacial age began to depart ; since the ice and 

 water finished its direct work on the grey shale and white 

 post that form the floor of Derwent Gut. 



3rd. And if the brown clay is the Birtley clay, that the 

 Derwent is so old a stream that it was a contemporary of the 

 " ancient Teme," which has ceased to flow ages ago. 



4th, That the stream, whose erosive work we see in Hown's 

 Gill, is co-eval with the excavation of Derwent Gut; and 

 ceased when the deposits that fill Derwent Gut began, so that 

 the Gill is older than Derwenthaugh. 



5th. It is highly probable that the Derwent and Teme 

 belong to that interesting group of old rivers, of which the 

 " Dunmail Raise" is another example in our Western neigh- 

 bours, Cumberland and Westmoreland. 



APPENDIX. 

 Record of the strata bored through in the several holes : — 



No. I. — Begun 25th August, 1900 ; finished 30th October, 1900. 



Thickness. Depth. 



Strata. ' fths. ft. ins. fths. ft. ins. 



1. Soil and brown clay ... ... ... 040 040 



2. A soft blue clay (river mud) ... ... 540 620 



3. Hard gravel (with sand and water) ... 114 734 



4. Brown clay ... ..." ... ... 828 16 o o 



5. Brownclay with a few thin sand -partings 620 22 2 O 



6. Sand mixed with coal (water) ... 006 22 2 6 



7. Hard boulder clay ... 230 24 5 6 



8. Soft grey shale ... ... ... 030 25 2 6 



9. (Into) White post (water) ... ... i I 6 26 ■ 4 o 



