CATTLE DISEASE IN THE NYASALAND PROTECTORATE. 207 



Fly are also found scattered about in the country north-east o£ Chikala, 

 though not in well-defined belts. 



One land-owner considers that the fly-area is increasing, due to tsetse 

 following larger game which have become tame through preservation and 

 now frequent inhabited country. This statement, however, does not coincide 

 with the fact that game in the Zomba district has decreased enormously 

 during the past 10 years, due to continual hunting by Europeans and Natives^ 

 and also to restricted areas for feeding and sanctum owing to the extension 

 of the native population eastward. 



Another cattle-owner attributes the spread of fly to the increased numbers 

 of goats and sheep which now pass through the country on their way to the 

 Blantyre market. 



Both assumptions lack proof. The only definite fact obtainable is that 

 tsetse change their habitat, but there is no proof as to the cause. 



7. Upper Shire. 



The Resident states that " prior to the year 1904 G. morsitans was but 

 occasionally found in this District. In 1904/5 this fly was noticed in large 

 numbers at Liwonde and in the surrounding country and generally along 

 the Shire River. It seemed to have suddenly spread throughout the 

 River.'' 



This statement is incorrect, for as far back as 1887 the Upper Shire 

 Valley on both sides has been full of tsetse, extending north almost as far as 

 Cowa. In the country near the Rivers Kapeni, Rivi-Rivi, Liwawasi, Nkasi 

 and Chimwalire, tsetse is found ; also on both sides of the Shire from Mvera 

 to Matope, and on the Likwenu to the south-east. 



Cattle-owners report that the fly has spread at Dzunje, near the Mission 

 Station at Ohiole, on the Livilezi to the north of Ncheu, and at Malosa at 

 the south-east extremity of the district, — areas which were formerly clear of 

 this pest, — necessitating the removal of their herds. 



8. South Nyasa. 



Fly exists, or is suspected to exist, practically throughout this district 

 except : (1) in that portion lying between the triangle made by the Fort 

 Johnston- Mangoche Road, the Portuguese boundary and the Lake shore : 

 here no fly has ever been seen ; (2) a small area in the hills to the north-east 

 of Mt. Pirolongwe ; (3) on the east side of Lake Malombe and extending to 

 the foot of the Mangoche Hills and beyond to the Mundimba stream. 



9. Central Angoniland. 



The Resident reports that " In the year 1904 tsetse were confined to a 

 small patch about five miles from the Lake shore and south-west of Rifu, 

 and to the low foot-hills south of the Lintipe River to Kachindamoto. From 

 1904 up to the present date tsetse-fly have steadily spread up towards the 



