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invasion, and to a slightly less extent at the end of their domina- 

 tion, were covered by either forests or swamps. The first areas 

 settled by our own forefathers, the Saxons, were the lowlands along 

 the coast, and the clearing on the higher ground, notably upon the 

 Chalk Downs. Wood and marsh alike formed a barrier to the 

 invading tribes. Hengist and Horsa followed the chalk uplands of 

 the Caint, i.e., what we now call Kent, shut in on the south and 

 south-west by the great forest of Andredsweald, with its population 

 of miners here and there in its recesses. This forest forbade 

 advance westward, while south of the Eoman fortress at Lympne 

 lay Eomney Marsh, as yet only partially drained. And su we find 

 the next invasion was on the other side of the Weald forest and the 

 Marsh, by the South Saxons, to whose boats the creeks and inlets 

 which break the clay flats to the westward of the Arun offered an 

 easy entrance. 



Next came the East Saxons, who, keeping clear of the low 

 marshes of South Essex, worked their way up the valleys of the 

 Stour and the Colne. They were stopped by a great forest, reach- 

 ing along the banks of the Eoding, and so northward. We have a 

 fragment of it in Epping Forest. 



The Angles, who gave their name to our country, came in by the 

 chalky uplands of Norfolk, and also along the Ware and Orwell. 

 They were probably helped by the East Saxons. The fertility of 

 this tract, known up to the present time as East Anglia, seems to 

 have always attracted a large population, It was the seat of the 

 Iceni, one of the most powerful as it was one of the most unfortu- 

 nate of the British tribes, and it was also an important portion of 

 the Roman domi'iion in Britain. It has been shown in a former 

 lecture how this fertility is dependent on the admixture of forma- 

 tions and soils produced by glacial action. 



The large area of the Wash and the Fens, which then reached 

 from Cambridge and Newmarket northwards as far as Lincoln, for- 

 bade invasion in that direction, and the next was by way of the 

 Humber, Lindsey in the north of Lincolnshire, and Holderness, in 

 Yorkshire, being settled. And so on northwards. Time will not 

 allow us to follow it all out. I must refer you to Mr. Green's own 

 book. In the end, as you know, the Britons took refuge in the 

 west, some worked their way northward through the present 

 Lancashire, protected on their flank by the carboniferous range of 

 the Pennine Hills. Others retreated among the Welsh mountains, 

 where the physical geography of the district proved their protection 

 and safety. Thus we find the most ancient people of Britain 

 among the most ancient hills and rocks, in the district that had 

 undergone the greatest amount of geological change. There they 

 defied the English for many centuries, and were not conquered till 

 the days of Edward I. Even now they are a separate people with 



