302 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



examples, would do all the rest. I would treat all orders of 

 insects in this way, so that there would be uniformity in all 

 orders. Until some hard and fast lines such as I have attempted 

 to describe are laid down, uniformity in pinning and setting 

 cannot and never will be attained. All who are interested in 

 this subject ought to bring the matter prominently before the 

 various Societies with which they are connected, and agitate for 

 a new departure and definite instructions on the subject till we 

 get them. 



Brook House, Meltham, near Huddersfield, Sept. 3rcl, 1896. 



THE ANDROCONIA OF CALLIDRYA8 FLORELLA. 

 By J. C. EicKARD. 



The genus Callidryas is alhed to Gonepteryx ; C. florella, 

 although its wings are unangulated and is a larger species, is 

 much like G, rhamni in general appearance. The wings of the 

 male are greenish white, with small dark stigmata on the 

 primaries ; there are faint almost invisible rust-coloured spots 

 at the ends of the nervures ; it is, therefore, nearly unicolorous. 

 The under side is somewhat darker, with many minute wave-like 

 transverse markings ; there is a small reddish stigma on the 

 under side of each wing. Near the base of the inner margin of 

 the primary of the male is a brush 12 mm. long, composed of 

 radiating silky hairs 5 mm. in length ; the hairs originate on the 

 under side of the wing, but a part of that portion of the wing that 

 produces them is folded over so as to bring the greater portion of 

 the brush to the superior surface, where it forms a series of 

 plumes, part of which overlie the anterior and part the secondary 

 wings ; the other portion of the brush is pressed down close to 

 the under side of the wing ; the cause of part of the wing being 

 turned over is purely mechanical, and results from the hairs 

 being so thickly crowded together that there is not sufficient 

 space for them without slightly distending that part of the mem- 

 brane on which they grow. As there is nothing to cause a 

 similar expansion of the upper side, it follows that the lower 

 membrane becomes a little wider than the upper, consequently 

 the edge of that part of the wing *' buckles" or turns upwards; 

 the rest of the inner margin, beyond the brush, resumes its 

 normal position, only the part bearing the brush being turned 

 up. On the upper surface of the secondary wing, between the 

 costal and subcostal nervures, is a lozenge-shaped patch of 

 modified scales about 8 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, composed of 

 scales so thickly crowded together that they are forced to remain 

 in the nearly perpendicular position they occupied on the unex- 

 panded wing ; the patch is immediately below the brush of the 



