2 J. F. Campbell — On Himalayan Glaciation. [No. 1, 



Atlantic, namely, to Lat. 37" N. in America. I have not seen one large stone 

 in the plains of India so far as I have travelled, except stones carted and 

 carried by men for building purposes. Of these not one was striated. 



2. I have been to Simla, and to " Monsuri" (so named by the peo- 

 ple), and for short distances inland. In Scotland, Scandinavia, the Alps, 

 and in North America ; in Labrador, and in Vancouver's Island : in all nor- 

 thern countries where marks of ancient glaciations abound, and where I have 

 travelled to study them ; I have seen rocks and mountains of a particular 

 rounded form, on which grooves mark out the course of the ancient glaciers 

 or icebero-s which moved over these rocks and rounded them. In Scandi- 

 navia horizontal grooves are visible on the large scale from end to end of 

 fiords more than a hundred miles long, up to a height of more than a 

 thousand feet above the sea level. All the rocky islands which stud the 

 Norwegian coast are striated, up to considerable heights, and great blocks of 

 transported stone are poised upon the hill-tops everywhere. Many of these 

 erratics are angular blocks, as big as small houses. In 1841, I slept under a 

 stone of this kind with fifteen other persons, guides and travellers, upon an 

 Alpine glacier, Such stones abound in Scotland, and in Ireland, some as 

 high as three thousand feet, and rest upon the tops of isolated mountains. 

 I have not seen one " perched block" in the lower Himalayas, nor have I 

 seen one hog-backed ridge ^ or one rounded valley W . I have seen every 

 where far and near, with my telescope, and at my feet a constant repetition 

 of the form \J which I attribute to the action of running water, not to 

 glacial action. 



3. I went to Hirdwar, to the exit of the Ganges from the basin in 

 which that river and its branches take their rise in glaciers. I have photo- 

 graphs of these glaciers. In all the glaciated countries that I have visited, 

 the ends of great basins of this kind are abundantly strewed with glaciated 

 stones. I sought carefully from Deira to Hirdwar, and from Hirdwar to 

 Roorkee along the Ganges canal, and I did not find one glaciated stone 

 there. 



4. It sometimes haj^pens that large glaciated stones are found in rocks 

 consolidated, and classed geologically as old rocks; — "old red sandstone," &c. 

 I have looked at the " Siwaliks," at the rocks which contain fossils of large 

 extinct animals. I have not seen one glaciated stone in these beds. The 

 fauna of the Siwaliks &c. as described in books, indicate a warm climate, 

 like that which now exists here, and do not indicate anything glacial. 



5. From Pathankote (here named " Puttankote") to Nurpur, I 

 crossed the mouth of a wide valley in which are several large rivers which 

 take their rise amongst glaciers according to the maps. I saw nothing 

 glacial on that stage. These streams drain the northern slopes of the 

 Kangra range. 



