1877.] J. F Campbell — On Ilimalayan Olaciation. 3 



6. From Nurpur to this place I have crossed several rivers, which 

 descend from the southern face of a snowy range behind which rivers flow 

 which I crossed yesterday. The range is some 12 or 13,000 feet higher 

 than my road, according to the maps, and the top of it is distant about 12 

 or 13 miles. I have seen a vast number of large stones near these rivers. 

 I have not seen one stone or one exposed rock surface with any mark of 

 glaciation along my route thus far. Several large stones, some of granite, 

 are below this house. Their surfaces are well preserved, and they are all 

 dinted by rolling, not striated by sliding. 



7. Where rivers are cutting through old moraines, they constantly 

 undermine and wash out glaciated stones. A small rivulet near Dunrobin 

 in Sutherland is full of large striated stones, washed out of an old moraine 

 of large size. The plain rivers below Chicago in America also wash out 

 large glaciated boulders which come from beyond Lake Superior. I have 

 seen no such stone here, and nothing that has the remotest resemblance to 

 any moraine that I ever saw anywhere. A fall of about a thousand feet in 

 a mile, and the vast rainfall of these regions suffice to explain the trans- 

 port of far larger stones than any which I have seen thus far in India. A 

 very large stone was moved more than a hundred yards this year at Kalka, 

 by the small river which there enters the plains. The stone was known be- 

 cause it had long been used as a washing stone. The fact was remember- 

 ed because two washermen were carried away and drowned by a sudden flood- 

 The slope at Kalka is far less than the slope here. Thus far I have seen 

 nothing to suggest the action of ice at low levels between Hirdwar, and 

 Lahore, Pathankote and Kotleh. 



8. So far as I can see now, my distant observations from Simla with a 

 telescope, are confirmed by detailed examination of this ground. 



9. I say nothing of that kind of geology which belongs to profession- 

 al men. I see enough to convince me that there is professional work on 

 this ground for many expert geologists for many years. But generally it 

 seems to me, that a part of the plain, formed of old as the plain is now 

 forming, has been crumpled up against the older rocks, probably by a thrust. 

 I saw a folded section in the right bank of the river at Nurpur yesterday 

 with an expiring camel on the shingle to shew how " siwalik" fossils 

 got buried of old by streams like those which now flow into the plains. 

 They form " Deltas" Z\ or, if the new name is preferred fans, which now 

 extend ten or twelve miles into the plains. These commonly spread till 

 they meet so that a whole series make something like a continuous forma- 

 tion whose section must vary with the intermittent flow of rivers. Such 

 a section of alternate beds of pebbles, shingle, sand, and brown mud I have 

 seen in crossing the crumpled rocks which are named " Sivvaliks" and 

 " Nahuns" (?) hereabouts, and near Deiradun^ I have no geological map, 



